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macOS Objective-C

Reading time: 7 minutes

Objective-C

• Klase
• Metode klase
• Varijable instanci klase

Možete dobiti ove informacije koristeći class-dump:

class-dump Kindle.app

Napomena da bi ova imena mogla biti obfuskirana kako bi se otežalo obrnuto inženjerstvo binarnog fajla.

Klase, Metode i Objekti

Interfejs, Svojstva i Metode

// Declare the interface of the class
@interface MyVehicle : NSObject

// Declare the properties
@property NSString *vehicleType;
@property int numberOfWheels;

// Declare the methods
- (void)startEngine;
- (void)addWheels:(int)value;

@end

Klasa

@implementation MyVehicle : NSObject

// No need to indicate the properties, only define methods

- (void)startEngine {
NSLog(@"Engine started");
}

- (void)addWheels:(int)value {
self.numberOfWheels += value;
}

@end

Objekat i pozivanje metode

Da biste kreirali instancu klase, poziva se metoda alloc koja alokira memoriju za svaku svojstvo i postavlja te alokacije na nulu. Zatim se poziva init, koja inicijalizuje svojstva na potrebne vrednosti.

// Something like this:
MyVehicle *newVehicle = [[MyVehicle alloc] init];

// Which is usually expressed as:
MyVehicle *newVehicle = [MyVehicle new];

// To call a method
// [myClassInstance nameOfTheMethodFirstParam:param1 secondParam:param2]
[newVehicle addWheels:4];

Klasa Metode

Klasa metode se definišu sa plus znakom (+) a ne sa crticom (-) koja se koristi sa instancama metoda. Kao što je NSString klasa metoda stringWithString:

+ (id)stringWithString:(NSString *)aString;

Setter & Getter

Da postavite i dobijete svojstva, možete to uraditi sa tačkom ili kao da pozivate metodu:

// Set
newVehicle.numberOfWheels = 2;
[newVehicle setNumberOfWheels:3];

// Get
NSLog(@"Number of wheels: %i", newVehicle.numberOfWheels);
NSLog(@"Number of wheels: %i", [newVehicle numberOfWheels]);

Instancne Varijable

Alternativno setter i getter metodama možete koristiti instancne varijable. Ove varijable imaju isto ime kao svojstva, ali počinju sa "_":

- (void)makeLongTruck {
_numberOfWheels = +10000;
NSLog(@"Number of wheels: %i", self.numberOfLeaves);
}

Protokoli

Protokoli su skup deklaracija metoda (bez svojstava). Klasa koja implementira protokol implementira deklarisane metode.

Postoje 2 tipa metoda: obavezni i opcionalni. Po definiciji metod je obavezan (ali to možete takođe naznačiti sa @required oznakom). Da biste naznačili da je metod opcionalan, koristite @optional.

@protocol myNewProtocol
- (void) method1; //mandatory
@required
- (void) method2; //mandatory
@optional
- (void) method3; //optional
@end

Sve zajedno

// gcc -framework Foundation test_obj.m -o test_obj
#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>

@protocol myVehicleProtocol
- (void) startEngine; //mandatory
@required
- (void) addWheels:(int)value; //mandatory
@optional
- (void) makeLongTruck; //optional
@end

@interface MyVehicle : NSObject <myVehicleProtocol>

@property int numberOfWheels;

- (void)startEngine;
- (void)addWheels:(int)value;
- (void)makeLongTruck;

@end

@implementation MyVehicle : NSObject

- (void)startEngine {
NSLog(@"Engine started");
}

- (void)addWheels:(int)value {
self.numberOfWheels += value;
}

- (void)makeLongTruck {
_numberOfWheels = +10000;
NSLog(@"Number of wheels: %i", self.numberOfWheels);
}

@end

int main() {
MyVehicle* mySuperCar = [MyVehicle new];
[mySuperCar startEngine];
mySuperCar.numberOfWheels = 4;
NSLog(@"Number of wheels: %i", mySuperCar.numberOfWheels);
[mySuperCar setNumberOfWheels:3];
NSLog(@"Number of wheels: %i", mySuperCar.numberOfWheels);
[mySuperCar makeLongTruck];
}

Osnovne klase

String

// NSString
NSString *bookTitle = @"The Catcher in the Rye";
NSString *bookAuthor = [[NSString alloc] initWithCString:"J.D. Salinger" encoding:NSUTF8StringEncoding];
NSString *bookPublicationYear = [NSString stringWithCString:"1951" encoding:NSUTF8StringEncoding];

Osnovne klase su nepromenljive, tako da da biste dodali string postojećem, potrebno je napraviti novi NSString.

NSString *bookDescription = [NSString stringWithFormat:@"%@ by %@ was published in %@", bookTitle, bookAuthor, bookPublicationYear];

Ili možete koristiti i mutable klasu stringa:

NSMutableString *mutableString = [NSMutableString stringWithString:@"The book "];
[mutableString appendString:bookTitle];
[mutableString appendString:@" was written by "];
[mutableString appendString:bookAuthor];
[mutableString appendString:@" and published in "];
[mutableString appendString:bookPublicationYear];

Broj

// character literals.
NSNumber *theLetterZ = @'Z'; // equivalent to [NSNumber numberWithChar:'Z']

// integral literals.
NSNumber *fortyTwo = @42; // equivalent to [NSNumber numberWithInt:42]
NSNumber *fortyTwoUnsigned = @42U; // equivalent to [NSNumber numberWithUnsignedInt:42U]
NSNumber *fortyTwoLong = @42L; // equivalent to [NSNumber numberWithLong:42L]
NSNumber *fortyTwoLongLong = @42LL; // equivalent to [NSNumber numberWithLongLong:42LL]

// floating point literals.
NSNumber *piFloat = @3.141592654F; // equivalent to [NSNumber numberWithFloat:3.141592654F]
NSNumber *piDouble = @3.1415926535; // equivalent to [NSNumber numberWithDouble:3.1415926535]

// BOOL literals.
NSNumber *yesNumber = @YES; // equivalent to [NSNumber numberWithBool:YES]
NSNumber *noNumber = @NO; // equivalent to [NSNumber numberWithBool:NO]

Nizovi, Skupovi i Rečnici

// Inmutable arrays
NSArray *colorsArray1 = [NSArray arrayWithObjects:@"red", @"green", @"blue", nil];
NSArray *colorsArray2 = @[@"yellow", @"cyan", @"magenta"];
NSArray *colorsArray3 = @[firstColor, secondColor, thirdColor];

// Mutable arrays
NSMutableArray *mutColorsArray = [NSMutableArray array];
[mutColorsArray addObject:@"red"];
[mutColorsArray addObject:@"green"];
[mutColorsArray addObject:@"blue"];
[mutColorsArray addObject:@"yellow"];
[mutColorsArray replaceObjectAtIndex:0 withObject:@"purple"];

// Inmutable Sets
NSSet *fruitsSet1 = [NSSet setWithObjects:@"apple", @"banana", @"orange", nil];
NSSet *fruitsSet2 = [NSSet setWithArray:@[@"apple", @"banana", @"orange"]];

// Mutable sets
NSMutableSet *mutFruitsSet = [NSMutableSet setWithObjects:@"apple", @"banana", @"orange", nil];
[mutFruitsSet addObject:@"grape"];
[mutFruitsSet removeObject:@"apple"];


// Dictionary
NSDictionary *fruitColorsDictionary = @{
@"apple" : @"red",
@"banana" : @"yellow",
@"orange" : @"orange",
@"grape" : @"purple"
};

// In dictionaryWithObjectsAndKeys you specify the value and then the key:
NSDictionary *fruitColorsDictionary2 = [NSDictionary dictionaryWithObjectsAndKeys:
@"red", @"apple",
@"yellow", @"banana",
@"orange", @"orange",
@"purple", @"grape",
nil];

// Mutable dictionary
NSMutableDictionary *mutFruitColorsDictionary = [NSMutableDictionary dictionaryWithDictionary:fruitColorsDictionary];
[mutFruitColorsDictionary setObject:@"green" forKey:@"apple"];
[mutFruitColorsDictionary removeObjectForKey:@"grape"];

Blokovi

Blokovi su funkcije koje se ponašaju kao objekti tako da mogu biti prosleđeni funkcijama ili smešteni u nizove ili rečnike. Takođe, mogu predstavljati vrednost ako im se dodele vrednosti pa je to slično lambdama.

returnType (^blockName)(argumentType1, argumentType2, ...) = ^(argumentType1 param1, argumentType2 param2, ...){
//Perform operations here
};

// For example

int (^suma)(int, int) = ^(int a, int b){
return a+b;
};
NSLog(@"3+4 = %d", suma(3,4));

Takođe je moguće definisati tip bloka koji će se koristiti kao parametar u funkcijama:

// Define the block type
typedef void (^callbackLogger)(void);

// Create a bloack with the block type
callbackLogger myLogger = ^{
NSLog(@"%@", @"This is my block");
};

// Use it inside a function as a param
void genericLogger(callbackLogger blockParam) {
NSLog(@"%@", @"This is my function");
blockParam();
}
genericLogger(myLogger);

// Call it inline
genericLogger(^{
NSLog(@"%@", @"This is my second block");
});

Datoteke

// Manager to manage files
NSFileManager *fileManager = [NSFileManager defaultManager];

// Check if file exists:
if ([fileManager fileExistsAtPath:@"/path/to/file.txt" ] == YES) {
NSLog (@"File exists");
}

// copy files
if ([fileManager copyItemAtPath: @"/path/to/file1.txt" toPath: @"/path/to/file2.txt" error:nil] == YES) {
NSLog (@"Copy successful");
}

// Check if the content of 2 files match
if ([fileManager contentsEqualAtPath:@"/path/to/file1.txt" andPath:@"/path/to/file2.txt"] == YES) {
NSLog (@"File contents match");
}

// Delete file
if ([fileManager removeItemAtPath:@"/path/to/file1.txt" error:nil]) {
NSLog(@"Removed successfully");
}

Takođe je moguće upravljati datotekama koristeći NSURL objekte umesto NSString objekata. Imena metoda su slična, ali sa URL umesto Path.