void Groom(HKEY hive) { for (int i = 0; i < 0x20; ++i) { wchar_t value[32]; swprintf(value, L“bin_%02d“, i); MakeBin(hive, value, 0x3FD8); RegDeleteKeyValueW(hive, NULL, value); // leaves holes for victim cells } }

</details>

Once a corruption primitive (overwrite/fill) is available, the groom guarantees that the **target cell resides next to the sprayed holes**, enabling precise overwrites without heap spraying.

## API-only access to privileged hives via misconfigured descendants

Windows only evaluates the **ACL on the final component** of a registry path. If any descendant under HKLM/HKU grants `KEY_SET_VALUE`, `KEY_CREATE_SUB_KEY`, or `WRITE_DAC` to low-privileged users, you can reach it even when every parent key is locked down. Project Zero found **>1000 such writable keys in HKLM on Windows 11**, including long-lived entries like `HKLM\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\DRM` and several `HKLM\SYSTEM` branches.

Practical enumeration strategy:

1. From an elevated context, walk `\Registry\Machine` and `\Registry\User`, dumping each key’s security descriptor. Store items whose DACL allows unprivileged SIDs.
2. As a normal user, attempt `RegOpenKeyEx` with `KEY_SET_VALUE|KEY_CREATE_SUB_KEY` against the recorded paths. Successful opens are viable targets for hive corruption bugs that require attacker-controlled data in system hives.
3. Maintain a cache of open handles to **stable writable locations** so PoCs can directly deploy corrupted metadata.
```powershell
$targets = Get-ChildItem Registry::HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE -Recurse |
Where-Object { (Get-Acl $_.PsPath).Access.IdentityReference -match 'S-1-5-32-545' } |
Select-Object -ExpandProperty PsPath

foreach ($path in $targets) {
try { Get-Item -Path $path -ErrorAction Stop | Out-Null }
catch {}
}

Once such a path is known, the exploit never needs offline hive tampering—standard registry APIs are enough to stage the corrupt cells inside privileged hives touched by SYSTEM services.

Cross-user hive abuse via HKCU\Software\Microsoft\Input\TypingInsights

Każdy hive użytkownika zawiera HKCU\Software\Microsoft\Input\TypingInsights, którego ACL przyznaje KEY_ALL_ACCESS dla Everyone (S-1-1-0). Dopóki Microsoft tego nie zaostrzy, dowolny użytkownik może:

• Wypełnić hive innego użytkownika do limitu 2 GiB, powodując błędy logowania lub wymuszając obcięcie hive (przydatne do wymuszenia zachowania alokatora lub DoS).
• Upuścić uszkodzone cele (corrupted cells) w NTUSER.DAT innego użytkownika, przygotowując lateralne eksploity, które uruchomią się, gdy proces ofiary odczyta skompromitowany klucz.
• Modyfikować differencing hives dla aplikacji w sandboxie, które polegają na per-user overlay hives, zmuszając je do użycia złośliwych metadanych.

To sprawia, że podatności na korupcję hive są użyteczne do lateral movement, nie tylko do eskalacji w obrębie tego samego konta.

Turning metadata corruption into paged pool overflows

Large registry values are stored in _CM_BIG_DATA records:

• _CM_KEY_VALUE.DataLength holds the logical size. Its high bit indicates whether the payload lives inside the cell or in big-data storage.
• _CM_BIG_DATA.Count counts 16 KiB chunks (16384 bytes minus metadata) referenced via a chunk table.

When any component calls CmpGetValueData:

1. The kernel allocates a paged pool buffer sized strictly from DataLength.
2. It copies Count * 0x4000 bytes from hive storage into that buffer.

If you can corrupt the cell so DataLength < 16344 * (Count - 1), the copy overruns the destination linearly into adjacent paged-pool objects. A reliable exploit chain is:

1. Use the deterministic groom to place the vulnerable _CM_KEY_VALUE near controllable metadata.
2. Flip DataLength to a small number (e.g., 0x100) while leaving _CM_BIG_DATA.Count intact.
3. Pool-groom from user mode (pipes, ALPC ports, section objects) so a chosen object (like EPROCESS->Token owner or SRVNET_BUFFER) occupies the next chunk after the allocation from step 1.
4. Trigger a read (e.g., RegQueryValueEx, NtQueryValueKey) so CmpGetValueData copies all chunks and overwrites the neighbor’s fields with attacker-controlled data from the hive.
5. Use the corrupted kernel object to pivot to arbitrary read/write or direct SYSTEM token theft.

Because the overflow length equals (Count * 0x4000) - DataLength, you get a precise byte budget and full control over the bytes written, outperforming many driver-based pool overflows.

Inter-hive linear overflows via tightly packed HBINs

Hives mounted by the Registry process are mapped in 2 MiB-aligned views with no guard gaps. You can force two different hives to grow in lockstep until their _HBIN ranges touch:

1. Choose an attacker-writable hive (app hive or user hive) and a privileged target (e.g., HKLM\SOFTWARE).
2. Continuously create/delete 0x3FD8-byte values in both hives. Each allocation adds a 0x4000-byte bin, so running both writers in parallel interleaves their bins in virtual memory (observed with !process Registry + !vad).
3. Once the final bin of the attacker hive sits immediately before an HBIN belonging to HKLM, use the hive corruption bug to overflow out of the attacker hive, smashing HBIN headers or cells inside HKLM.
4. With HKLM metadata under control you can:

• Stage a big-data inconsistency primitive directly in the privileged hive.
• Corrupt configuration data consumed by SYSTEM services before it ever leaves the kernel.

The absence of guard pages means a linear overwrite from an unprivileged hive can directly corrupt SYSTEM-owned hive structures, enabling data-only attacks or setting up the pool overflow described above inside HKLM/HKU.

Operational tips

• Monitor hive placement with !vad (user-mode) and !reg view / !pool (kernel) to confirm adjacency before triggering the overflow.
• Cache writable HKLM paths discovered during enumeration so corruption primitives can be deployed quickly even after reboots.
• Combine hive grooming with standard pool feng shui (pipe pair freelists, NtAllocateVirtualMemory on Registry process) to stabilize post-overflow primitives.

References

• Project Zero – The Windows Registry Adventure #8: Practical exploitation of hive memory corruption

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