Malware์์ ์ฌ์ฉ๋๋ ๊ณตํต API
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์ผ๋ฐ
๋คํธ์ํน
| Raw Sockets | WinAPI Sockets |
|---|---|
| socket() | WSAStratup() |
| bind() | bind() |
| listen() | listen() |
| accept() | accept() |
| connect() | connect() |
| read()/recv() | recv() |
| write() | send() |
| shutdown() | WSACleanup() |
TLS pinning ๋ฐ chunked transport
๋ง์ loaders๋ TCP ์คํธ๋ฆผ์ SslStream์ผ๋ก ๋ํํ๊ณ ์๋ฒ์ leaf certificate๋ฅผ ์๋ฒ ๋๋ ๋ณต์ฌ๋ณธ๊ณผ ๋น๊ตํ์ฌ ๊ณ ์ (certificate pinning)ํฉ๋๋ค. Bot ์ ๋ณด/์์
์ ์์ถ๋์ด ์ ์ก๋ฉ๋๋ค(์: GZip). ์๋ต์ด ์๊ณ๊ฐ(์ฝ 1 MB)์ ์ด๊ณผํ๋ฉด, ๋ฐ์ดํฐ๋ ์ฌ์ด์ฆ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ ํด๋ฆฌ์คํฑ์ ํํผํ๊ณ ์ญ์ง๋ ฌํ ๋์ ๋ฉ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ ๊ธ์ฆ์ ์ค์ด๊ธฐ ์ํด ์์ ์ฒญํฌ(์: 16 KB ์ธ๊ทธ๋จผํธ)๋ก ๋ถํ ๋ฉ๋๋ค.
Persistence
| Registry | File | Service |
|---|---|---|
| RegCreateKeyEx() | GetTempPath() | OpenSCManager |
| RegOpenKeyEx() | CopyFile() | CreateService() |
| RegSetValueEx() | CreateFile() | StartServiceCtrlDispatcher() |
| RegDeleteKeyEx() | WriteFile() | |
| RegGetValue() | ReadFile() |
์ํธํ
| Name |
|---|
| WinCrypt |
| CryptAcquireContext() |
| CryptGenKey() |
| CryptDeriveKey() |
| CryptDecrypt() |
| CryptReleaseContext() |
์ํฐ ๋ถ์/VM
| Function Name | Assembly Instructions |
|---|---|
| IsDebuggerPresent() | CPUID() |
| GetSystemInfo() | IN() |
| GlobalMemoryStatusEx() | |
| GetVersion() | |
| CreateToolhelp32Snapshot [Check if a process is running] | |
| CreateFileW/A [Check if a file exist] |
๋ก์ผ์ผ/ํค๋ณด๋ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ ์คํ ๊ฐ๋
๋ง์ stealers/loaders๋ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์๋ฅผ ํํผํ๊ณ ์ํ ํ์์์ ์ ์ฝ์ ์ค์ํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ํน์ ๋ก์ผ์ผ์์ ์คํ์ ์ค๋จํฉ๋๋ค. ์ผ๋ฐ์ ์ธ ์ฒดํฌ:
GetKeyboardLayoutto enumerate installed layouts (per-thread/user)GetLocaleInfoA/Wto resolve country/region codesGetSystemDefaultLangID/GetUserDefaultLangID
๋ง์ฝ ์ด๋ค ํญ๋ชฉ์ด๋ผ๋ ์ฐจ๋จ ๋ชฉ๋ก(์ผ๋ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก CIS countries)๊ณผ ์ผ์นํ๋ฉด, loader๋ network IOCs ๋๋ injection ์ ์ ์ฆ์ ์ข ๋ฃํฉ๋๋ค.
๋ฐฉ์ด/ํํ
- ์คํ ์ด๊ธฐ์ ์ฌ๋ฌ ๋ก์ผ์ผ/ํค๋ณด๋ API๋ฅผ ์กฐํํ ๋ค ์๋ฌด๋ฐ ๊ด์ฐฐ ๊ฐ๋ฅํ ํ๋ ์์ด ์ข ๋ฃํ๋ ํ๋ก์ธ์ค๋ฅผ ํ๋๊ทธ๋ก ํ์ํ์ธ์.
- ์คํ์์ค ํ๋ก์ ํธ(์: VMDetector)์์ ์ฌ์ฌ์ฉ๋๋ anti-VM ๊ฒ์ฌ(BIOS strings, PnP devices, disk model, services)์ ์๊ด๊ด๊ณ๋ฅผ ๋ง๋ค์ด gated execution์ ํ์งํ์ธ์.
์๋ฎฌ๋ ์ดํฐ API ์ง๋ฌธํ ๋ฐ ์ฌ๋ฆฝ ํํผ
Malware๋ ์ข ์ข Defender์ virtualised exports(=Malware Protection Emulator์์ ๊ด์ฐฐ๋)๋ฅผ ๊ฒ์ํ์ฌ ์๋๋ฐ์ค ์๋ฎฌ๋ ์ดํฐ๋ฅผ ์ง๋ฌธํํฉ๋๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ์ฌ๋ณผ์ด ํ๋ก์ธ์ค์ ์กด์ฌํ๋ฉด(ํ๋ก์ธ์ค์ ๋ํด ๋์๋ฌธ์ ๊ตฌ๋ถ ์๋ ์ค์บ), ์คํ์ 10โ30๋ถ ๋์ ์ง์ฐ๋๊ณ ์ฌํ์ธ๋์ด ๋ถ์ ์๊ฐ์ ๋ญ๋น์ํต๋๋ค.
Examples of API names used as canaries:
MpVmp32Entry,MpVmp32FastEnter,MpCallPreEntryPointCode,MpCallPostEntryPointCode,MpFinalize,MpReportEvent*,MpSwitchToNextThread*VFS_*family:VFS_Open,VFS_Read,VFS_MapViewOfFile,VFS_UnmapViewOfFile,VFS_FindFirstFile/FindNextFile,VFS_CopyFile,VFS_DeleteFile,VFS_MoveFileThrdMgr_*:ThrdMgr_GetCurrentThreadHandle,ThrdMgr_SaveTEB,ThrdMgr_SwitchThreads
Typical delay primitive (user-land):
cmd /c timeout /t %RANDOM_IN_[600,1800]% > nul
Argument gatekeeping
- ์ด์์๋ ํ์ด๋ก๋ ์คํ ์ ์ ๋ฌดํดํด ๋ณด์ด๋ CLI ์ค์์น๊ฐ ์กด์ฌํ ๊ฒ์ ์๊ตฌํ ๋๊ฐ ์๋ค(์: Chromium ์์ ํ๋ก์ธ์ค๋ฅผ ํ๋ด๋ด๊ธฐ ์ํ
/i:--type=renderer). ์ค์์น๊ฐ ์์ผ๋ฉด ๋ก๋๋ ์ฆ์ ์ข ๋ฃ๋์ด ๋จ์ํ ์๋๋ฐ์ค ์คํ์ ๋ฐฉํดํ๋ค.
์ํ
| Name | |
|---|---|
| VirtualAlloc | ๋ฉ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ ํ ๋น (ํจ์ปค) |
| VirtualProtect | ๋ฉ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ ๊ถํ ๋ณ๊ฒฝ (์น์ ์ ์คํ ๊ถํ์ ๋ถ์ฌํ๋ ํจ์ปค) |
| ReadProcessMemory | ์ธ๋ถ ํ๋ก์ธ์ค ์ฃผ์ |
| WriteProcessMemoryA/W | ์ธ๋ถ ํ๋ก์ธ์ค ์ฃผ์ |
| NtWriteVirtualMemory | |
| CreateRemoteThread | DLL/Process injectionโฆ |
| NtUnmapViewOfSection | |
| QueueUserAPC | |
| CreateProcessInternalA/W |
์คํ
| Function Name |
|---|
| CreateProcessA/W |
| ShellExecute |
| WinExec |
| ResumeThread |
| NtResumeThread |
๊ธฐํ
- GetAsyncKeyState() โ Key logging
- SetWindowsHookEx โ Key logging
- GetForeGroundWindow โ ์คํ ์ค์ธ ์ฐฝ ์ด๋ฆ ๊ฐ์ ธ์ค๊ธฐ (๋๋ ๋ธ๋ผ์ฐ์ ์์ ์น์ฌ์ดํธ)
- LoadLibrary() โ ๋ผ์ด๋ธ๋ฌ๋ฆฌ ๋ก๋
- GetProcAddress() โ ๋ผ์ด๋ธ๋ฌ๋ฆฌ ํจ์ ์ฃผ์ ์กฐํ
- CreateToolhelp32Snapshot() โ ์คํ ์ค์ธ ํ๋ก์ธ์ค ๋์ด
- GetDC() โ ํ๋ฉด ์บก์ฒ
- BitBlt() โ ํ๋ฉด ์บก์ฒ
- InternetOpen(), InternetOpenUrl(), InternetReadFile(), InternetWriteFile() โ ์ธํฐ๋ท ์ ๊ทผ
- FindResource(), LoadResource(), LockResource() โ ์คํ ํ์ผ์ ๋ฆฌ์์ค ์ ๊ทผ
์ ์ฑ์ฝ๋ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ
DLL Injection
Execute an arbitrary DLL inside another process
- Locate the process to inject the malicious DLL: CreateToolhelp32Snapshot, Process32First, Process32Next
์ ์ฑ DLL์ ์ฃผ์ ํ ํ๋ก์ธ์ค๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๋๋ค: CreateToolhelp32Snapshot, Process32First, Process32Next - Open the process: GetModuleHandle, GetProcAddress, OpenProcess
ํ๋ก์ธ์ค๋ฅผ ์ฐ๋ค: GetModuleHandle, GetProcAddress, OpenProcess - Write the path to the DLL inside the process: VirtualAllocEx, WriteProcessMemory
ํ๋ก์ธ์ค ๋ด๋ถ์ DLL ๊ฒฝ๋ก๋ฅผ ์ด๋ค: VirtualAllocEx, WriteProcessMemory - Create a thread in the process that will load the malicious DLL: CreateRemoteThread, LoadLibrary
์ ์ฑ DLL์ ๋ก๋ํ ์ค๋ ๋๋ฅผ ํ๋ก์ธ์ค ๋ด์ ์์ฑํ๋ค: CreateRemoteThread, LoadLibrary
Other functions to use: NTCreateThreadEx, RtlCreateUserThread
Reflective DLL Injection
Load a malicious DLL without calling normal Windows API calls.
The DLL is mapped inside a process, it will resolve the import addresses, fix the relocations and call the DllMain function.
ํ์ค Windows API ํธ์ถ ์์ด ์
์ฑ DLL์ ๋ก๋ํ๋ค. DLL์ด ํ๋ก์ธ์ค ๋ด๋ถ์ ๋งคํ๋๋ฉฐ ์ํฌํธ ์ฃผ์๋ฅผ ํด๊ฒฐํ๊ณ ์ฌ๋ฐฐ์น(relocations)๋ฅผ ์์ ํ ๋ค DllMain ํจ์๋ฅผ ํธ์ถํ๋ค.
Thread Hijacking
Find a thread from a process and make it load a malicious DLL
- Find a target thread: CreateToolhelp32Snapshot, Thread32First, Thread32Next
๋์ ์ค๋ ๋๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๋๋ค: CreateToolhelp32Snapshot, Thread32First, Thread32Next - Open the thread: OpenThread
์ค๋ ๋๋ฅผ ์ฐ๋ค: OpenThread - Suspend the thread: SuspendThread
์ค๋ ๋๋ฅผ ์ผ์์ค๋จํ๋ค: SuspendThread - Write the path to the malicious DLL inside the victim process: VirtualAllocEx, WriteProcessMemory
ํผํด์ ํ๋ก์ธ์ค ๋ด๋ถ์ ์ ์ฑ DLL ๊ฒฝ๋ก๋ฅผ ์ด๋ค: VirtualAllocEx, WriteProcessMemory - Resume the thread loading the library: ResumeThread
๋ผ์ด๋ธ๋ฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ก๋ํ๋๋ก ์ค๋ ๋๋ฅผ ๋ค์ ์์ํ๋ค: ResumeThread
PE Injection
Portable Execution Injection: The executable will be written in the memory of the victim process and it will be executed from there.
Portable Executable ์ฃผ์
: ์คํ ํ์ผ์ด ๋์ ํ๋ก์ธ์ค์ ๋ฉ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์ ๊ธฐ๋ก๋๊ณ ๊ทธ๊ณณ์์ ์คํ๋๋ค.
Process Hollowing (a.k.a RunPE)
Process Hollowing is one of the favourite defence-evasion / execution tricks used by Windows malware. The idea is to launch a legitimate process in the suspended state, remove (hollow) its original image from memory and copy an arbitrary PE in its place. When the primary thread is finally resumed the malicious entry-point executes under the guise of a trusted binary (often signed by Microsoft).Process Hollowing์ Windows ์
์ฑ์ฝ๋์์ ์์ฃผ ์ฌ์ฉ๋๋ defence-evasion / execution ๊ธฐ๋ฒ ์ค ํ๋์ด๋ค. ์์ด๋์ด๋ ์ ์์ ์ธ ํ๋ก์ธ์ค๋ฅผ ์ผ์์ค๋จ ์ํ๋ก ์คํํ ํ ๋ฉ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์์ ์๋ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง๋ฅผ ์ ๊ฑฐ(๋น์ฐ๊ธฐ)ํ๊ณ ๊ทธ ์๋ฆฌ์ ์์์ PE๋ฅผ ๋ณต์ฌํ๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ์ฃผ ์ค๋ ๋๊ฐ ๋ค์ ์์๋๋ฉด ์
์ฑ ์ํธ๋ฆฌ ํฌ์ธํธ๊ฐ ์ ๋ขฐ๋ ๋ฐ์ด๋๋ฆฌ(์ข
์ข
Microsoft์ ์ํด ์๋ช
๋จ)๋ก ๊ฐ์ฅํ์ฌ ์คํ๋๋ค.
Typical workflow:
- Spawn a benign host (e.g.
RegAsm.exe,rundll32.exe,msbuild.exe) suspended so that no instructions run yet.
STARTUPINFOA si = { sizeof(si) };
PROCESS_INFORMATION pi;
CreateProcessA("C:\\Windows\\Microsoft.NET\\Framework32\\v4.0.30319\\RegAsm.exe",
NULL, NULL, NULL, FALSE, CREATE_SUSPENDED, NULL, NULL, &si, &pi);
๋ฌดํดํ ํธ์คํธ(์: RegAsm.exe, rundll32.exe, msbuild.exe)๋ฅผ ์ผ์์ค๋จ ์ํ๋ก ์์ฑํ์ฌ ์์ง ์ด๋ค ๋ช
๋ น๋ ์คํ๋์ง ์๋๋ก ํ๋ค.
2. Read the malicious payload into memory and parse its PE headers to obtain SizeOfImage, sections and the new EntryPoint.
์
์ฑ ํ์ด๋ก๋๋ฅผ ๋ฉ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ๋ก ์ฝ์ด๋ค์ฌ PE ํค๋๋ฅผ ํ์ฑํ์ฌ SizeOfImage, ์น์
๋ฐ ์ EntryPoint๋ฅผ ์ป๋๋ค.
3. NtUnmapViewOfSection / ZwUnmapViewOfSection โ unmap the original image base of the suspended process.
NtUnmapViewOfSection / ZwUnmapViewOfSection โ ์ผ์์ค๋จ๋ ํ๋ก์ธ์ค์ ์๋ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง ๋ฒ ์ด์ค๋ฅผ ์ธ๋งตํ๋ค.
4. VirtualAllocEx โ reserve RWX memory of SizeOfImage inside the remote process.
VirtualAllocEx โ ์๊ฒฉ ํ๋ก์ธ์ค ๋ด๋ถ์ SizeOfImage ํฌ๊ธฐ์ RWX ๋ฉ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์์ฝํ๋ค.
5. WriteProcessMemory โ copy the Headers first, then iterate over sections copying their raw data.
WriteProcessMemory โ ๋จผ์ Headers๋ฅผ ๋ณต์ฌํ ๋ค ๊ฐ ์น์
์ ์์ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ๋ฅผ ์ํํ๋ฉฐ ๋ณต์ฌํ๋ค.
6. SetThreadContext โ patch the value of EAX/RAX (RCX on x64) or Rip in the context structure so that EIP points to the payloadโs EntryPoint.
SetThreadContext โ ์ปจํ
์คํธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์์ EAX/RAX(x64์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ RCX) ๋๋ Rip ๊ฐ์ ํจ์นํ์ฌ EIP๊ฐ ํ์ด๋ก๋์ EntryPoint๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๋ฆฌํค๋๋ก ํ๋ค.
7. ResumeThread โ the thread continues, executing the attacker-supplied code.
ResumeThread โ ์ค๋ ๋๊ฐ ๊ณ์๋์ด ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์๊ฐ ์ ๊ณตํ ์ฝ๋๋ฅผ ์คํํ๋ค.
Minimal proof-of-concept (x86) skeleton:
void RunPE(LPCSTR host, LPVOID payload, DWORD payloadSize){
// 1. create suspended process
STARTUPINFOA si = {sizeof(si)}; PROCESS_INFORMATION pi;
CreateProcessA(host, NULL,NULL,NULL,FALSE,CREATE_SUSPENDED,NULL,NULL,&si,&pi);
// 2. read remote PEB to get ImageBaseAddress
CONTEXT ctx; ctx.ContextFlags = CONTEXT_FULL;
GetThreadContext(pi.hThread,&ctx);
PVOID baseAddr;
ReadProcessMemory(pi.hProcess,(PVOID)(ctx.Ebx+8),&baseAddr,4,NULL);
// 3. unmap original image & allocate new region at same base
NtUnmapViewOfSection(pi.hProcess,baseAddr);
PVOID newBase = VirtualAllocEx(pi.hProcess,baseAddr,pHdr->OptionalHeader.SizeOfImage,
MEM_COMMIT|MEM_RESERVE,PAGE_EXECUTE_READWRITE);
// 4-5. copy headers & sections โฆ
// 6. write new image base into PEB and set Eip
WriteProcessMemory(pi.hProcess,(PVOID)(ctx.Ebx+8),&baseAddr,4,NULL);
ctx.Eax = (DWORD)(newBase) + pHdr->OptionalHeader.AddressOfEntryPoint;
SetThreadContext(pi.hThread,&ctx);
// 7. run!
ResumeThread(pi.hThread);
}
Practical notes observed in the DarkCloud Stealer campaign:
- ๋ก๋๋
RegAsm.exe(.NET Framework์ ์ผ๋ถ)๋ฅผ ํธ์คํธ๋ก ์ ํํ์ต๋๋ค โ ์๋ช ๋ ๋ฐ์ด๋๋ฆฌ์ฌ์ ์ฃผ๋ชฉ์ ๋ ๋ฐ์ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ด ํฝ๋๋ค. - ๋ณตํธํ๋ VB6 stealer (
holographies.exe)๋ ๋์คํฌ์ ๋๋กญ๋์ง ์์ต๋๋ค; ์ค์ง hollowed process ๋ด๋ถ์์๋ง ์กด์ฌํ์ฌ ์ ์ ํ์ง๋ฅผ ์ด๋ ต๊ฒ ๋ง๋ญ๋๋ค. - ๋ฏผ๊ฐํ ๋ฌธ์์ด (regexes, paths, Telegram credentials)์ ๋ฌธ์์ด๋ณ๋ก RC4-encrypted ๋์ด ๋ฐํ์์๋ง ๋ณตํธํ๋๋ฏ๋ก ๋ฉ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ ์ค์บ์ ๋ ์ด๋ ต๊ฒ ๋ง๋ญ๋๋ค.
Detection ideas:
- ๋ฉ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ ์์ญ์ด RWX๋ก ํ ๋น๋๊ธฐ ์ ์ GUI/console ์ฐฝ์ ์์ฑํ์ง ์๋
CREATE_SUSPENDEDํ๋ก์ธ์ค์ ๋ํด ๊ฒฝ๋ณด๋ฅผ ์์ฑํ์ญ์์ค (์ ์ ์ฝ๋์์ ๋๋ญ ๋๋ค). - ๋ค๋ฅธ ํ๋ก์ธ์ค๋ค์์
NtUnmapViewOfSection โ VirtualAllocEx โ WriteProcessMemoryํธ์ถ ์ํ์ค๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์๋ณด์ธ์. - ํนํ
MSBuild.exe,RegAsm.exe,rundll32.exe๊ฐ์ ์ ๋ขฐ๋ฐ๋ ๊ฐ๋ฐ์ ์ ํธ๋ฆฌํฐ๊ฐ hollowing hosts๋ก ๋น์ ์์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฌ์ฉ๋๊ณ ์งง๊ฒ ์คํ๋๋ ๋ก๋๊ฐ ๋ถ๋ชจ๋ก ์๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ์์ฌํ์ธ์. - ์ฌ์ฉ์ ์ฐ๊ธฐ ๊ฐ๋ฅํ ๊ฒฝ๋ก์์ spawn๋๊ฑฐ๋ ๋์ํ๋
.sln/.proj์ปจํ ์คํธ ์์ด ์์ฑ๋์ด ์ธ๋ถ ์ฐ๊ฒฐ์ ์๋ํ๋msbuild.exe๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์๋ณด์ธ์ (ATT&CK T1127.001 + T1055.012).
Common host processes and path resolution
MSBuild.exe๋ ๊ฐ๋ฐ ๋๊ตฌ์ ์์ด๊ธฐ ์ํด hollowing host๋ก ์์ฃผ ์ ํ๋ฉ๋๋ค. ๋ก๋๋ ์ข ์ข ์ํคํ ์ฒ์ ๋ง๋ ์์น๋ฅผ ๊ฒ์ํฉ๋๋ค:C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v4.0.30319\MSBuild.exeC:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework64\v4.0.30319\MSBuild.exeC:\Windows\System32\MSBuild.exeC:\Windows\SysWOW64\MSBuild.exe- ํ์ฌ payload/OS ์ํคํ
์ฒ์ ๋ง๋ ํธ์คํธ๋ฅผ ์ ํํ ๋ค์
CreateProcess(..., CREATE_SUSPENDED, ...)๋ฅผ ํธ์ถํ์ญ์์ค.
Hooking
- The SSDT (System Service Descriptor Table) points to kernel functions (ntoskrnl.exe) or GUI driver (win32k.sys) so user processes can call these functions.
- rootkit์ ์ด๋ฌํ ํฌ์ธํฐ๋ฅผ ์์ ์ด ์ ์ดํ๋ ์ฃผ์๋ก ์์ ํ ์ ์์ต๋๋ค.
- The IRP (I/O Request Packets) transmit pieces of data from one component to another. Almost everything in the kernel uses IRPs and each device object has its own function table that can be hooked: DKOM (Direct Kernel Object Manipulation)
- The IAT (Import Address Table) is useful to resolve dependencies. Itโs possible to hook this table in order to hijack the code that will be called.
- EAT (Export Address Table) Hooks. This hooks can be done from userland. The goal is to hook exported functions by DLLs.
- Inline Hooks: This type are difficult to achieve. This involve modifying the code of the functions itself. Maybe by putting a jump at the beginning of this.
์ฐธ๊ณ ์๋ฃ
- Unit42 โ New Infection Chain and ConfuserEx-Based Obfuscation for DarkCloud Stealer
- Check Point Research โ Under the Pure Curtain: From RAT to Builder to Coder
- Unit 42 โ PhantomVAI Loader Delivers a Range of Infostealers
- MITRE ATT&CK โ Trusted Developer Utilities Proxy Execution: MSBuild (T1127.001)
- VMDetector โ virtualization checks (open-source)
Tip
AWS ํดํน ๋ฐฐ์ฐ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ ์ฐ์ตํ๊ธฐ:
HackTricks Training AWS Red Team Expert (ARTE)
GCP ํดํน ๋ฐฐ์ฐ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ ์ฐ์ตํ๊ธฐ:HackTricks Training GCP Red Team Expert (GRTE)
Azure ํดํน ๋ฐฐ์ฐ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ ์ฐ์ตํ๊ธฐ:
HackTricks Training Azure Red Team Expert (AzRTE)
HackTricks ์ง์ํ๊ธฐ
- ๊ตฌ๋ ๊ณํ ํ์ธํ๊ธฐ!
- **๐ฌ ๋์ค์ฝ๋ ๊ทธ๋ฃน ๋๋ ํ ๋ ๊ทธ๋จ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์ ์ฐธ์ฌํ๊ฑฐ๋ ํธ์ํฐ ๐ฆ @hacktricks_live๋ฅผ ํ๋ก์ฐํ์ธ์.
- HackTricks ๋ฐ HackTricks Cloud ๊นํ๋ธ ๋ฆฌํฌ์งํ ๋ฆฌ์ PR์ ์ ์ถํ์ฌ ํดํน ํธ๋ฆญ์ ๊ณต์ ํ์ธ์.


