80,443 - Pentesting Web 方法論

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基本情報

Webサービスは最も一般的で広範なサービスであり、多くの異なる種類の脆弱性が存在します。

デフォルトポート: 80 (HTTP), 443(HTTPS)

bash
PORT    STATE SERVICE
80/tcp  open  http
443/tcp open  ssl/https
bash
nc -v domain.com 80 # GET / HTTP/1.0
openssl s_client -connect domain.com:443 # GET / HTTP/1.0

Web API ガイダンス

Web API Pentesting

手法の概要

この手法では、ドメイン（またはサブドメイン）1つのみを攻撃対象とするものと仮定します。したがって、スコープ内で発見された各ドメイン、サブドメイン、または不明な web サーバを含む IP ごとにこの手法を適用してください。

  • 最初に、web サーバで使用されている technologies を identifying します。技術を特定できた場合は、テストの残りの期間に覚えておくべき tricks を探してください。
  • その技術のバージョンに既知の脆弱性はありますか？
  • 既知の一般的な技術（well known tech）を使用していますか？情報を引き出すための有用なトリックはありますか？
  • wpscan のような専用のスキャナ（specialised scanner）を実行する必要はありますか？
  • 汎用スキャナ（general purposes scanners）を実行してください。何かを見つけるか、興味深い情報が得られるかもしれません。
  • 初期チェックを行います: robots, sitemap, 404 error と SSL/TLS scan（HTTPS の場合）。
  • web ページの spidering を開始します: 利用されている可能性のあるすべての files, folders と parameters を見つける時です。また、特殊な所見（special findings）も確認してください。
  • Note that anytime a new directory is discovered during brute-forcing or spidering, it should be spidered.
  • Directory Brute-Forcing: 発見したフォルダをすべて brute force して、新しい files や directories を探します。
  • Note that anytime a new directory is discovered during brute-forcing or spidering, it should be Brute-Forced.
  • Backups checking: 共通のバックアップ拡張子を付けて、発見した files のバックアップが見つかるかテストします。
  • Brute-Force parameters: 隠しパラメータを見つけるよう試みます。
  • すべての可能な endpoints で user input を受け取るものを特定したら、それに関連するあらゆる種類の脆弱性をチェックします。
  • Follow this checklist

Server Version (Vulnerable?)

Identify

Check if there are known vulnerabilities for the server version that is running.
レスポンスのHTTP headers and cookiesは、利用されているtechnologiesや/またはversionの特定に非常に有用です。Nmap scanはサーババージョンを識別できますが、次のツールも有用です: whatweb, webtech or https://builtwith.com/:

bash
whatweb -a 1 <URL> #Stealthy
whatweb -a 3 <URL> #Aggresive
webtech -u <URL>
webanalyze -host https://google.com -crawl 2

Search for vulnerabilities of the web application version

Check if any WAF

Web tech tricks

使用されているさまざまなよく知られたテクノロジーに対する脆弱性を見つけるためのいくつかのトリック:

Take into account that the same domain can be using different technologies in different ports, folders and subdomains.
If the web application is using any well known tech/platform listed before or any other, don't forget to search on the Internet new tricks (and let me know!).

Source Code Review

If the source code of the application is available in github, apart of performing by your own a White box test of the application there is some information that could be useful for the current Black-Box testing:

  • Is there a Change-log or Readme or Version file or anything with version info accessible via web?
  • How and where are saved the credentials? Is there any (accessible?) file with credentials (usernames or passwords)?
  • Are passwords in plain text, encrypted or which hashing algorithm is used?
  • Is it using any master key for encrypting something? Which algorithm is used?
  • Can you access any of these files exploiting some vulnerability?
  • Is there any interesting information in the github (solved and not solved) issues? Or in commit history (maybe some password introduced inside an old commit)?

Source code Review / SAST Tools

Automatic scanners

General purpose automatic scanners

bash
nikto -h <URL>
whatweb -a 4 <URL>
wapiti -u <URL>
W3af
zaproxy #You can use an API
nuclei -ut && nuclei -target <URL>

# https://github.com/ignis-sec/puff (client side vulns fuzzer)
node puff.js -w ./wordlist-examples/xss.txt -u "http://www.xssgame.com/f/m4KKGHi2rVUN/?query=FUZZ"

CMS スキャナ

CMS が使われている場合は、スキャナを実行するのを忘れないでください。思わぬ成果が見つかるかもしれません:

Clusterd: JBoss, ColdFusion, WebLogic, Tomcat, Railo, Axis2, Glassfish
CMSScan: WordPress, Drupal, Joomla, vBulletin ウェブサイトのセキュリティ問題を検出します。 (GUI)\ VulnX: Joomla, Wordpress, Drupal, PrestaShop, Opencart
CMSMap: (W)ordpress, (J)oomla, (D)rupal または (M)oodle\ droopscan: Drupal, Joomla, Moodle, Silverstripe, Wordpress

bash
cmsmap [-f W] -F -d <URL>
wpscan --force update -e --url <URL>
joomscan --ec -u <URL>
joomlavs.rb #https://github.com/rastating/joomlavs

この時点で、クライアントが使用している web サーバ（もしデータが与えられていれば）についてある程度の情報と、テスト中に覚えておくべきいくつかのコツが既にあるはずです。運が良ければ CMS を見つけて scanner を実行しているかもしれません。

Step-by-step Web Application Discovery

ここからは web アプリケーションと実際にやり取りを始めます。

Initial checks

Default pages with interesting info:

  • /robots.txt
  • /sitemap.xml
  • /crossdomain.xml
  • /clientaccesspolicy.xml
  • /.well-known/
  • メインページやサブページ内のコメントも確認してください。

Forcing errors

Web サーバは奇妙なデータを送ると予期せぬ動作をすることがあります。これによりvulnerabilitiesやdisclosure sensitive informationが露出する可能性があります。

  • /whatever_fake.php (.aspx,.html,.etc) のような fake pages にアクセスする
  • エラーを発生させるために cookie values や parameter 値に "[]", "]]", "[[" を追加する
  • エラーを発生させるために URL の末尾に /~randomthing/%s のような入力を与える
  • PATCH、DEBUG のような、または FAKE のような間違ったものを含む different HTTP Verbs を試す

Check if you can upload files (PUT verb, WebDav)

もし WebDav が enabled で、ルートフォルダにファイルをアップロードする十分な権限がない場合は、次を試してください:

  • Brute Force credentials
  • Web ページ内で見つかった他のフォルダに Upload files via WebDav。別フォルダにはアップロード権限があるかもしれません。

SSL/TLS 脆弱性

  • アプリケーションがどの部分でもHTTPS の利用を強制していない場合、それは vulnerable to MitM です
  • アプリケーションがHTTP を使って機密データ（パスワード）を送信している場合、それは重大な脆弱性です。

testssl.sh を使って vulnerabilities をチェックし（Bug Bounty プログラムではこの種の脆弱性は受け入れられないことが多い）、再確認には a2sv を使用してください。

bash
./testssl.sh [--htmlfile] 10.10.10.10:443
#Use the --htmlfile to save the output inside an htmlfile also

# You can also use other tools, by testssl.sh at this momment is the best one (I think)
sslscan <host:port>
sslyze --regular <ip:port>

Information about SSL/TLS vulnerabilities:

Spidering

Launch some kind of spider inside the web. The goal of the spider is to find as much paths as possible from the tested application. Therefore, web crawling and external sources should be used to find as much valid paths as possible.

  • gospider (go): HTML spider, LinkFinder in JS files and external sources (Archive.org, CommonCrawl.org, VirusTotal.com).
  • hakrawler (go): HML spider, with LinkFider for JS files and Archive.org as external source.
  • dirhunt (python): HTML spider, also indicates "juicy files".
  • evine (go): Interactive CLI HTML spider. It also searches in Archive.org
  • meg (go): This tool isn't a spider but it can be useful. You can just indicate a file with hosts and a file with paths and meg will fetch each path on each host and save the response.
  • urlgrab (go): HTML spider with JS rendering capabilities. However, it looks like it's unmaintained, the precompiled version is old and the current code doesn't compile
  • gau (go): HTML spider that uses external providers (wayback, otx, commoncrawl)
  • ParamSpider: This script will find URLs with parameter and will list them.
  • galer (go): HTML spider with JS rendering capabilities.
  • LinkFinder (python): HTML spider, with JS beautify capabilities capable of search new paths in JS files. It could be worth it also take a look to JSScanner, which is a wrapper of LinkFinder.
  • goLinkFinder (go): To extract endpoints in both HTML source and embedded javascript files. Useful for bug hunters, red teamers, infosec ninjas.
  • JSParser (python2.7): A python 2.7 script using Tornado and JSBeautifier to parse relative URLs from JavaScript files. Useful for easily discovering AJAX requests. Looks like unmaintained.
  • relative-url-extractor (ruby): Given a file (HTML) it will extract URLs from it using nifty regular expression to find and extract the relative URLs from ugly (minify) files.
  • JSFScan (bash, several tools): Gather interesting information from JS files using several tools.
  • subjs (go): Find JS files.
  • page-fetch (go): Load a page in a headless browser and print out all the urls loaded to load the page.
  • Feroxbuster (rust): Content discovery tool mixing several options of the previous tools
  • Javascript Parsing: A Burp extension to find path and params in JS files.
  • Sourcemapper: A tool that given the .js.map URL will get you the beatified JS code
  • xnLinkFinder: This is a tool used to discover endpoints for a given target.
  • waymore: Discover links from the wayback machine (also downloading the responses in the wayback and looking for more links
  • HTTPLoot (go): Crawl (even by filling forms) and also find sensitive info using specific regexes.
  • SpiderSuite: Spider Suite is an advance multi-feature GUI web security Crawler/Spider designed for cyber security professionals.
  • jsluice (go): It's a Go package and command-line tool for extracting URLs, paths, secrets, and other interesting data from JavaScript source code.
  • ParaForge: ParaForge is a simple Burp Suite extension to extract the paramters and endpoints from the request to create custom wordlist for fuzzing and enumeration.
  • katana (go): Awesome tool for this.
  • Crawley (go): Print every link it's able to find.

Brute Force directories and files

Start brute-forcing from the root folder and be sure to brute-force all the directories found using this method and all the directories discovered by the Spidering (you can do this brute-forcing recursively and appending at the beginning of the used wordlist the names of the found directories).
Tools:

  • Dirb / Dirbuster - Included in Kali, old (and slow) but functional. Allow auto-signed certificates and recursive search. Too slow compared with th other options.
  • Dirsearch (python): It doesn't allow auto-signed certificates but allows recursive search.
  • Gobuster (go): It allows auto-signed certificates, it doesn't have recursive search.
  • Feroxbuster - Fast, supports recursive search.
  • wfuzz wfuzz -w /usr/share/seclists/Discovery/Web-Content/raft-medium-directories.txt https://domain.com/api/FUZZ
  • ffuf - Fast: ffuf -c -w /usr/share/wordlists/dirb/big.txt -u http://10.10.10.10/FUZZ
  • uro (python): This isn't a spider but a tool that given the list of found URLs will to delete "duplicated" URLs.
  • Scavenger: Burp Extension to create a list of directories from the burp history of different pages
  • TrashCompactor: Remove URLs with duplicated functionalities (based on js imports)
  • Chamaleon: It uses wapalyzer to detect used technologies and select the wordlists to use.

Recommended dictionaries:

Note that anytime a new directory is discovered during brute-forcing or spidering, it should be Brute-Forced.

What to check on each file found

Special findings

While performing the spidering and brute-forcing you could find interesting things that you have to notice.

Interesting files

403 Forbidden/Basic Authentication/401 Unauthorized (bypass)

403 & 401 Bypasses

502 Proxy Error

If any page responds with that code, it's probably a bad configured proxy. If you send a HTTP request like: GET https://google.com HTTP/1.1 (with the host header and other common headers), the proxy will try to access google.com and you will have found a SSRF.

NTLM Authentication - Info disclosure

If the running server asking for authentication is Windows or you find a login asking for your credentials (and asking for domain name), you can provoke an information disclosure.
Send the header: “Authorization: NTLM TlRMTVNTUAABAAAAB4IIAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=” and due to how the NTLM authentication works, the server will respond with internal info (IIS version, Windows version...) inside the header "WWW-Authenticate".
You can automate this using the nmap plugin "http-ntlm-info.nse".

HTTP Redirect (CTF)

It is possible to put content inside a Redirection. This content won't be shown to the user (as the browser will execute the redirection) but something could be hidden in there.

Web Vulnerabilities Checking

Now that a comprehensive enumeration of the web application has been performed it's time to check for a lot of possible vulnerabilities. You can find the checklist here:

Web Vulnerabilities Methodology

Find more info about web vulns in:

Monitor Pages for changes

You can use tools such as https://github.com/dgtlmoon/changedetection.io to monitor pages for modifications that might insert vulnerabilities.

HackTricks Automatic Commands

Protocol_Name: Web    #Protocol Abbreviation if there is one.
Port_Number:  80,443     #Comma separated if there is more than one.
Protocol_Description: Web         #Protocol Abbreviation Spelled out

Entry_1:
Name: Notes
Description: Notes for Web
Note: |
https://book.hacktricks.wiki/en/network-services-pentesting/pentesting-web/index.html

Entry_2:
Name: Quick Web Scan
Description: Nikto and GoBuster
Command: nikto -host {Web_Proto}://{IP}:{Web_Port} &&&& gobuster dir -w {Small_Dirlist} -u {Web_Proto}://{IP}:{Web_Port} && gobuster dir -w {Big_Dirlist} -u {Web_Proto}://{IP}:{Web_Port}

Entry_3:
Name: Nikto
Description: Basic Site Info via Nikto
Command: nikto -host {Web_Proto}://{IP}:{Web_Port}

Entry_4:
Name: WhatWeb
Description: General purpose auto scanner
Command: whatweb -a 4 {IP}

Entry_5:
Name: Directory Brute Force Non-Recursive
Description:  Non-Recursive Directory Brute Force
Command: gobuster dir -w {Big_Dirlist} -u {Web_Proto}://{IP}:{Web_Port}

Entry_6:
Name: Directory Brute Force Recursive
Description: Recursive Directory Brute Force
Command: python3 {Tool_Dir}dirsearch/dirsearch.py -w {Small_Dirlist} -e php,exe,sh,py,html,pl -f -t 20 -u {Web_Proto}://{IP}:{Web_Port} -r 10

Entry_7:
Name: Directory Brute Force CGI
Description: Common Gateway Interface Brute Force
Command: gobuster dir -u {Web_Proto}://{IP}:{Web_Port}/ -w /usr/share/seclists/Discovery/Web-Content/CGIs.txt -s 200

Entry_8:
Name: Nmap Web Vuln Scan
Description: Tailored Nmap Scan for web Vulnerabilities
Command: nmap -vv --reason -Pn -sV -p {Web_Port} --script=`banner,(http* or ssl*) and not (brute or broadcast or dos or external or http-slowloris* or fuzzer)` {IP}

Entry_9:
Name: Drupal
Description: Drupal Enumeration Notes
Note: |
git clone https://github.com/immunIT/drupwn.git for low hanging fruit and git clone https://github.com/droope/droopescan.git for deeper enumeration

Entry_10:
Name: WordPress
Description: WordPress Enumeration with WPScan
Command: |
?What is the location of the wp-login.php? Example: /Yeet/cannon/wp-login.php
wpscan --url {Web_Proto}://{IP}{1} --enumerate ap,at,cb,dbe && wpscan --url {Web_Proto}://{IP}{1} --enumerate u,tt,t,vp --passwords {Big_Passwordlist} -e

Entry_11:
Name: WordPress Hydra Brute Force
Description: Need User (admin is default)
Command: hydra -l admin -P {Big_Passwordlist} {IP} -V http-form-post '/wp-login.php:log=^USER^&pwd=^PASS^&wp-submit=Log In&testcookie=1:S=Location'

Entry_12:
Name: Ffuf Vhost
Description: Simple Scan with Ffuf for discovering additional vhosts
Command: ffuf -w {Subdomain_List}:FUZZ -u {Web_Proto}://{Domain_Name} -H "Host:FUZZ.{Domain_Name}" -c -mc all {Ffuf_Filters}

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