iOS Universal Links

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Introduction

Universal links offer a seamless redirection experience to users by directly opening content in the app, bypassing the need for Safari redirection. These links are unique and secure, as they cannot be claimed by other apps. This is ensured by hosting a apple-app-site-association JSON file on the website's root directory, establishing a verifiable link between the website and the app. In cases where the app is not installed, Safari will take over and direct the user to the webpage, maintaining the app's presence.

For penetration testers, the apple-app-site-association file is of particular interest as it may reveal sensitive paths, potentially including ones related to unreleased features.

Analyzing the Associated Domains Entitlement

Developers enable Universal Links by configuring the Associated Domains in Xcode's Capabilities tab or by inspecting the .entitlements file. Each domain is prefixed with applinks:. For example, Telegram's configuration might appear as follows:

    <key>com.apple.developer.associated-domains</key>
    <array>
        <string>applinks:telegram.me</string>
        <string>applinks:t.me</string>
    </array>

For more comprehensive insights, refer to the archived Apple Developer Documentation.

If working with a compiled application, entitlements can be extracted as outlined in this guide.

Retrieving the Apple App Site Association File

The apple-app-site-association file should be retrieved from the server using the domains specified in the entitlements. Ensure the file is accessible via HTTPS directly at https://<domain>/apple-app-site-association (or /.well-known/apple-app-site-association). Tools like the Apple App Site Association (AASA) Validator can aid in this process.

Quick enumeration from a macOS/Linux shell

# assuming you have extracted the entitlements to ent.xml
doms=$(plutil -extract com.apple.developer.associated-domains xml1 -o - ent.xml | \
       grep -oE 'applinks:[^<]+' | cut -d':' -f2)
for d in $doms; do
  echo "[+] Fetching AASA for $d";
  curl -sk "https://$d/.well-known/apple-app-site-association" | jq '.'
done

Handling Universal Links in the App

The app must implement specific methods to handle universal links correctly. The primary method to look for is application:continueUserActivity:restorationHandler:. It's crucial that the scheme of URLs handled is HTTP or HTTPS, as others will not be supported.

Validating the Data Handler Method

When a universal link opens an app, an NSUserActivity object is passed to the app with the URL. Before processing this URL, it's essential to validate and sanitize it to prevent security risks. Here's an example in Swift that demonstrates the process:

func application(_ application: UIApplication, continue userActivity: NSUserActivity,
                 restorationHandler: @escaping ([UIUserActivityRestoring]?) -> Void) -> Bool {
    // Check for web browsing activity and valid URL
    if userActivity.activityType == NSUserActivityTypeBrowsingWeb, let url = userActivity.webpageURL {
        application.open(url, options: [:], completionHandler: nil)
    }

    return true
}

URLs should be carefully parsed and validated, especially if they include parameters, to guard against potential spoofing or malformed data. The NSURLComponents API is useful for this purpose, as demonstrated below:

func application(_ application: UIApplication,
                 continue userActivity: NSUserActivity,
                 restorationHandler: @escaping ([Any]?) -> Void) -> Bool {
    guard userActivity.activityType == NSUserActivityTypeBrowsingWeb,
        let incomingURL = userActivity.webpageURL,
        let components = NSURLComponents(url: incomingURL, resolvingAgainstBaseURL: true),
        let path = components.path,
        let params = components.queryItems else {
        return false
    }

    if let albumName = params.first(where: { $0.name == "albumname" })?.value,
        let photoIndex = params.first(where: { $0.name == "index" })?.value {
        // Process the URL with album name and photo index

        return true

    } else {
        // Handle invalid or missing parameters

        return false
    }
}

Through diligent configuration and validation, developers can ensure that universal links enhance user experience while maintaining security and privacy standards.

Common Vulnerabilities & Pentesting Checks

Quick Checklist

• Extract entitlements and enumerate every applinks: entry.
• Download AASA for each entry and audit for wildcards.
• Verify the web server returns 404 for undefined paths.
• In the binary, confirm that only trusted hosts/schemes are handled.
• If the app uses the newer components syntax (iOS 11+), fuzz query-parameter rules ({"?":{…}}).

Tools

• GetUniversal.link: Helps simplify the testing and management of your app's Universal Links and AASA file. Simply enter your domain to verify AASA file integrity or use the custom dashboard to easily test link behavior. This tool also helps you determine when Apple will next index your AASA file.
• Knil: Open-source iOS utility that fetches, parses and lets you tap-test every Universal Link declared by a domain directly on device.
• universal-link-validator: CLI / web validator that performs strict AASA conformance checks and highlights dangerous wildcards.

References

• https://mas.owasp.org/MASTG/tests/ios/MASVS-PLATFORM/MASTG-TEST-0070/#static-analysis
• https://mobile-security.gitbook.io/mobile-security-testing-guide/ios-testing-guide/0x06h-testing-platform-interaction#testing-object-persistence-mstg-platform-8
• https://medium.com/@m.habibgpi/universal-link-hijacking-via-misconfigured-aasa-file-on-temu-com-eadfcb745e4e
• https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-10474